Руководство bank of america

Brian Moynihan 

Chair of the Board & CEO, Bank of America 

When we started thinking about Responsible Growth a few years ago, it was not a new thing but it was a way of simplifying the company’s expression of what we had to do. We had to grow, no excuses. We had to do it in a customer-focused basis. We had to stay within the risk and we had to be sustainable. 

Arnold W. Donald 

President & CEO, Carnival 

Responsible Growth, to me, is exactly what we need to be doing at Bank of America, and, and what it is, is growing in a way that is good for the client. It’s obviously also good for Bank of America and it’s good for the communities we’re in. 

Michael D. White 

Former Chairman, President & CEO, DIRECTV 

Lead Director, Kimberly-Clark Corporation

We know we have to grow, as Brian says, “No excuses,” but it’s easy to buy growth that isn’t good growth, and not all dollars of growth are good dollars. 

Sharon L. Allen 

Chair, Audit Committee 

Former Chair, Deloitte 

One of the things that I really appreciate about our organization and—is that it isn’t growth at any cost. We really focus on doing the right thing. 

R. David Yost 

Former CEO, AmerisourceBergen 

Establishing a strategy that will allow us to succeed both in the short term and, and the long term. You know, it’s very easy to grow quickly in the short term by doing things that are maybe not the right things to do for the long term. 

Thomas D. Woods 

Former Vice Chairman & Senior Executive VP, Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce (CIBC) 

Many companies have an overwhelming focus on the growth aspect, but stakeholders today are increasingly focused on companies’ values and integrity and character and the way they deal with all their stakeholders. 

Monica C. Lozano 

Chair, Compensation and Human Capital Committee 

CEO, College Futures Foundation 

Former Chair, U.S. Hispanic Media Inc. 

And now the question is how do you continue to drive growth? That’s the central question in front of us, and you drive growth by having a deeper and deeper relationship with your customer. 

Maria T. Zuber 

Vice President for Research and 

Professor of Geophysics, MIT 

Every one of the senior management team feels like they are co-owners in this idea of Responsible Growth and they have absolutely bought into the idea that if we do the right thing for our customers, the bank does well, the customers do well, the shareholders do well. 

Susan S. Bies 

Former Member, Federal Reserve Board

When you put the customer first, it forces you to think of the long term because anybody can make a loan. It’s easy to say “yes.” It’s much more appropriate that you understand your customer’s needs and the potential solutions that may work in their particular case because if we mis-sell products, we hurt our customer, and we’re not really going to help them. And long term, there’s consequences then both for the customer and for the bank.

Frank P. Bramble, Sr. 

Chair, Enterprise Risk Committee 

Former Executive Vice Chair, MBNA Corporation 

Integral to Responsible Growth is yeah, we’re going to grow but we’re going to grow within our risk tolerance, within our risk framework. We’re not going to do anything crazy to the customer and we’re not going to do anything crazy for the customer. 

Clayton S. Rose 

President, Bowdoin College 

It’s not about getting up every day and thinking about the maximization of shareholder returns. It’s getting up every day and thinking about how we serve our customers in a way that fits within the structure of our business. And, if we do that, our shareholders are going to benefit enormously. 

R. David Yost 

When you think about the opportunity the bank has to start with someone who is very young, and grow with them throughout their life as their needs increase and then even down to their children, and their children’s children. 

Lionel L. Nowell III 

Lead Independent Director, Bank of America

Former Senior VP & Treasurer, PepsiCo, Inc. 

We provide and help people in America lead quality lives. For the individuals that start with us, you know, with the savings account, we want to be there for every aspect of their life. As they transition through college, to marriage, to buying their first car, to buying their first home, I mean, we want to be a part of that family. And, I, I call it being part of their family and, you know, I always tell people, “Man, you know, with Bank of America, you sure feel like you can live the American dream and we can be a part of that.” 

Arnold W. Donald 

One of every two households in America is a client of Bank of America. We have two hundred plus thousand employees. That’s a lot of human spirit walking around, and valuing that human spirit, I think, is a core value at Bank of America. 

Denise L. Ramos 

Former CEO and President, ITT Inc.

Despite the success that’s here, it’s a very humble culture.  It’s people that care about other people, they care about doing the right thing. You don’t always see that in companies.

Monica C. Lozano 

You can’t be committed to communities without being reflective of the communities that we serve and every day it’s more and more diverse and we need to have people not just at the entry level because that’s easy. It really is how do you help people build a career here, driving sort of the, the, the values and the performance of the company. 

Thomas J. May 

Chair, Corporate Governance, ESG, and Sustainability Committee 

Former Chair, President & CEO, Eversource Energy 

Our citizens are worried about the future and what it’s going to look like. We’re worried about our planet. We’re worried about the way people are treated. And so addressing these things in a systematic fashion and bringing the power of 200,000 people, it’s a pretty impressive and, and, and special thing to see. 

Clayton S. Rose 

Because of the size and scope and scale and integrated nature of what we do within the economy, we have some very interesting perspectives about how to think about those problems. And we’re engaged in helping other organizations think about solutions because of those perspectives that we bring. 

Pierre J. P. de Weck 

Former Chairman & Global Head of Private Wealth Management, Deutsche Bank 

In today’s society, you can only thrive as an, as an institution like ours if you are also contributing to your client base, your employees and society as a large. Bank of America pursues this not as an add-on or because it’s nice, but because of conviction. 

Sharon L. Allen 

We fulfill our commitment because we believe in it. It’s because our Board and our leadership believes in it. 

Linda P. Hudson 

Former President & CEO, BAE 

Former Executive Officer, The Cardea Group LLC 

Our reach is so vast. We touch such a large portion of the population that we have a true responsibility to put forth the best of the ideals and expectations of, of what America aspires to be. 

Brian Moynihan 

You can’t just say, “Here’s our values.” You can’t just say, “Here’s Responsible Growth.” The question is what do you do to live by them? It really means intellectually how you get up in the morning and think about what your job is. You’re coming here to help the customers and everything behind that. It comes to the way we design the activities we do for the different types of customers. It comes from the business we choose to be in and not be in. And all that is governed by the view of how we think the company should operate from the Board on down. 

This article is about a commercial bank unaffiliated with any government. For the central bank of the United States, see Federal Reserve System.

Bank of America Corporation

The Bank of America Corporate Center, headquarters of Bank of America in Charlotte, North Carolina.
Type	Public company
Traded as	NYSE: BAC S&P 100 component S&P 500 component
ISIN	US0605051046
Industry	Financial services
Predecessors	BankAmerica NationsBank
Founded	1998 (via the merger of BankAmerica & NationsBank) 1956 (as BankAmerica) 1784 (as its predecessor, the Massachusetts Bank, through the merger with FleetBoston in 1999)
Founders	Amadeo Giannini (Bank of Italy) Hugh McColl (NationsBank)
Headquarters	Bank of America Corporate Center, Charlotte, North Carolina , United States
Number of locations	3,900 retail financial centers & approximately 16,000 ATMs
Area served	Worldwide
Key people	Brian Moynihan (Chairman and CEO) Anne Finucane (Co-Vice Chairman) Bruce Thompson (Co-Vice Chairman)
Services	Asset management banking commodities credit cards equities trading insurance investment management mortgage loans mutual funds private equity risk management wealth management
Revenue	US$94.95 billion (2022)
Operating income	US$30.98 billion (2022)
Net income	US$27.53 billion (2022)
AUM	US$1.4 trillion (March 31, 2023)[1]
Total assets	US$3.1 trillion (March 31, 2023)[2]
Total equity	US$273.2 billion (2022)
Owners	Berkshire Hathaway (12.8%)
Number of employees	c. 217,000 (2022)
Divisions	BofA Securities Merrill Bank of America Private Bank
Website	bankofamerica.com
Footnotes / references [3][4]

The Bank of America Corporation (often abbreviated BofA or BoA) is an American multinational investment bank and financial services holding company headquartered at the Bank of America Corporate Center in Charlotte, North Carolina, with investment banking and auxiliary headquarters in Manhattan. The bank was founded in San Francisco, California. It is the second-largest banking institution in the United States, after JPMorgan Chase, and the second-largest bank in the world by market capitalization. Bank of America is one of the Big Four banking institutions of the United States.^[5] It serves approximately 10.73% of all American bank deposits, in direct competition with JPMorgan Chase, Citigroup, and Wells Fargo. Its primary financial services revolve around commercial banking, wealth management, and investment banking.

One branch of its history stretches back to the U.S.-based Bank of Italy, founded by Amadeo Pietro Giannini in 1904, which provided various banking options to Italian immigrants who faced service discrimination.^[6] Originally headquartered in San Francisco, California, Giannini acquired Banca d’America e d’Italia (Bank of America and Italy) in 1922. The passage of landmark federal banking legislation facilitated a rapid growth in the 1950s, quickly establishing a prominent market share. After suffering a significant loss after the 1998 Russian bond default, BankAmerica, as it was then known, was acquired by the Charlotte-based NationsBank for US$62 billion. Following what was then the largest bank acquisition in history, the Bank of America Corporation was founded. Through a series of mergers and acquisitions, it built upon its commercial banking business by establishing Merrill Lynch for wealth management and Bank of America Merrill Lynch for investment banking in 2008 and 2009, respectively (since renamed BofA Securities).^[7]

Both Bank of America and Merrill Lynch Wealth Management retain large market shares in their respective offerings. The investment bank is considered within the «Bulge Bracket» as the third largest investment bank in the world, as of 2018.^[8] Its wealth management side manages US$1.081 trillion in assets under management (AUM) as the second largest wealth manager in the world, after UBS.^[9] In commercial banking, Bank of America operates—but does not necessarily maintain—retail branches in all 50 states of the United States, the District of Columbia and more than 40 other countries.^[10] Its commercial banking footprint encapsulates 46 million consumer and small business relationships at 4,600 banking centers and 15,900 automated teller machines (ATMs).

The bank’s large market share, business activities, and economic impact has led to numerous lawsuits and investigations regarding both mortgages and financial disclosures dating back to the 2008 financial crisis. Its corporate practices of servicing the middle class and wider banking community have yielded a substantial market share since the early 20th century. As of August 2018, Bank of America has a $313.5 billion market capitalization, making it the 13th largest company in the world. As the sixth largest American public company, it garnered $102.98 billion in sales as of June 2018.^[11] Bank of America was ranked #25 on the 2020 Fortune 500 rankings of the largest US corporations by total revenue.^[12] Likewise, Bank of America was also ranked #6 on the 2023 Global 2000 rankings done by Forbes.^[13] Bank of America was named the «World’s Best Bank» by the Euromoney Institutional Investor in its 2018 Awards for Excellence.^[14][15]

History[edit]

Bank of America, Los Angeles was founded in California in 1923. In 1928, this entity was acquired by Bank of Italy of San Francisco, which took the Bank of America name two years later.^[16]

The eastern portion of the Bank of America franchise can be traced to 1784, when Massachusetts Bank was chartered, the first federally chartered joint-stock owned bank in the United States and only the second bank to receive a charter in the United States. This bank became FleetBoston, with which Bank of America merged in 2004. In 1874, Commercial National Bank was founded in Charlotte. That bank merged with American Trust Company in 1958 to form American Commercial Bank.^[17] Two years later it became North Carolina National Bank when it merged with Security National Bank of Greensboro. In 1991, it merged with C&S/Sovran Corporation of Atlanta and Norfolk to form NationsBank.

The central portion of the franchise dates to 1910, when Commercial National Bank and Continental National Bank of Chicago merged in 1910 to form Continental & Commercial National Bank, which evolved into Continental Illinois National Bank & Trust.

Bank of Italy[edit]

The history of Bank of America dates back to October 17, 1904, when Amadeo Pietro Giannini (1870–1949) founded the Bank of Italy, in San Francisco.^[16] In 1922, Bank of America, Los Angeles was established with Giannini as a minority investor. The two banks merged in 1928 and consolidated with other bank holdings to create what would become the largest banking institution in the country.^[18]

In 1918, another corporation, Bancitaly Corporation, was organized by A. P. Giannini, the largest stockholder of which was Stockholders Auxiliary Corporation.^{[citation needed]} This company acquired the stocks of various banks located in New York City and certain foreign countries.^{[citation needed]}

In 1928, Giannini merged his bank with Bank of America, Los Angeles, headed by Orra E. Monnette. Bank of Italy was renamed on November 3, 1930, to Bank of America National Trust and Savings Association,^[19] which was the only such designated bank in the United States at that time. Giannini and Monnette headed the resulting company, serving as co-chairs.^[20]

Expansion in California[edit]

Giannini introduced branch banking shortly after 1909 legislation in California allowed for branch banking in the state, establishing the bank’s first branch outside San Francisco in 1909 in San Jose. By 1929 the bank had 453 banking offices in California with aggregate resources of over US$1.4 billion.^[21] There is a replica of the 1909 Bank of Italy branch bank in History Park in San Jose, and the 1925 Bank of Italy Building is an important downtown landmark. Giannini sought to build a national bank, expanding into most of the western states as well as into the insurance industry, under the aegis of his holding company, Transamerica Corporation.

In 1953 regulators succeeded in forcing the separation of Transamerica Corporation and Bank of America under the Clayton Antitrust Act.^[22] The passage of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 prohibited banks from owning non-banking subsidiaries such as insurance companies. Bank of America and Transamerica were separated, with the latter company continuing in the insurance sector. However, federal banking regulators prohibited Bank of America’s interstate banking activity, and Bank of America’s domestic banks outside California were forced into a separate company that eventually became First Interstate Bancorp, later acquired by Wells Fargo and Company in 1996. Only in the 1980s, with a change in federal banking legislation and regulation, could Bank of America again expand its domestic consumer banking activity outside California.

New technologies also allowed the direct linking of credit cards with individual bank accounts. In 1958, the bank introduced the BankAmericard, which changed its name to Visa in 1977.^[23] A coalition of regional bankcard associations introduced Interbank in 1966 to compete with BankAmericard. Interbank became Master Charge in 1966 and then MasterCard in 1979.^[24]

From February 1970 through September 1971, there were 66 attacks on Bank of America branches in California, including 53 bombings or fire-bombings, and 13 arson fires. There were «few injuries» and the property damage cost about $500,000, fourth-fifths of which was from the burning of the Isla Vista branch during a February 1970 riot.^[25]

Expansion outside California[edit]

Following the passage of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956 by the US Congress,^[26] BankAmerica Corporation was established for the purpose of owning and operating Bank of America and its subsidiaries.

Bank of America expanded outside California in 1983, with its acquisition, orchestrated in part by Stephen McLin, of Seafirst Corporation of Seattle, Washington, and its wholly owned banking subsidiary, Seattle-First National Bank.^[27] Seafirst was at risk of seizure by the federal government after becoming insolvent due to a series of bad loans to the oil industry. BankAmerica continued to operate its new subsidiary as Seafirst rather than Bank of America until the 1998 merger with NationsBank.^[27]

BankAmerica experienced huge losses in 1986 and 1987 due to the placement of a series of bad loans in the Third World. The company fired its CEO, Sam Armacost, in 1986. Though Armacost blamed the problems on his predecessor, A. W. (Tom) Clausen, Clausen was appointed to replace Armacost.^{[citation needed]} The losses resulted in a huge decline of BankAmerica stock, making it vulnerable to a hostile takeover. First Interstate Bancorp of Los Angeles (which had originated from banks once owned by BankAmerica), launched such a bid in the fall of 1986, although BankAmerica rebuffed it, mostly by selling operations.^[28] It sold its FinanceAmerica subsidiary to Chrysler and the brokerage firm Charles Schwab and Co. back to Mr. Schwab. It also sold Bank of America and Italy to Deutsche Bank. By the time of the 1987 stock-market crash, BankAmerica’s share price had fallen to $8, but by 1992 it had rebounded mightily to become one of the biggest gainers of that half-decade.^{[citation needed]}

BankAmerica’s next big acquisition came in 1992. The company acquired Security Pacific Corporation and its subsidiary Security Pacific National Bank in California and other banks in Arizona, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington, which Security Pacific had acquired in a series of acquisitions in the late 1980s. This represented, at the time, the largest bank acquisition in history.^[29] Federal regulators, however, forced the sale of roughly half of Security Pacific’s Washington subsidiary, the former Rainier Bank, as the combination of Seafirst and Security Pacific Washington would have given BankAmerica too large a share of the market in that state. The Washington branches were divided and sold to West One Bancorp (now U.S. Bancorp) and KeyBank.^[30] Later that year, BankAmerica expanded into Nevada by acquiring Valley Bank of Nevada.^[31]

In 1994, BankAmerica acquired the Continental Illinois National Bank and Trust Co. of Chicago. At the time, no bank possessed the resources to bail out Continental, so the federal government operated the bank for nearly a decade.^[32] Illinois then regulated branch banking extremely heavily, so Bank of America Illinois was a single-unit bank until the 21st century. BankAmerica moved its national lending department to Chicago in an effort to establish a financial beachhead in the region.^[33]

These mergers helped BankAmerica Corporation to once again become the largest U.S. bank holding company in terms of deposits, but the company fell to second place in 1997 behind North Carolina’s fast-growing NationsBank Corporation, and to third in 1998 behind First Union Corp.^{[citation needed]}

On the capital markets side, the acquisition of Continental Illinois helped BankAmerica to build a leveraged finance origination- and distribution business, which allowed the firm’s existing broker-dealer, BancAmerica Securities (originally named BA Securities), to become a full-service franchise.^[34] In addition, in 1997, BankAmerica acquired Robertson Stephens, a San Francisco–based investment bank specializing in high technology for $540 million.^[35] Robertson Stephens was integrated into BancAmerica Securities, and the combined subsidiary was renamed «BancAmerica Robertson Stephens».^[36]

Merger of NationsBank and BankAmerica[edit]

In 1997, BankAmerica lent investment management firm D. E. Shaw & Co. $1.4 billion in order to run various businesses for the bank.^[37] However, D.E. Shaw suffered significant loss after the 1998 Russia bond default.^[38][39] NationsBank of Charlotte acquired BankAmerica in October 1998 in what was the largest bank acquisition in history at that time.^[40]

While NationsBank was the nominal survivor, the merged bank took the better-known name of Bank of America. Hence, the holding company was renamed Bank of America Corporation, while NationsBank, N.A. merged with Bank of America NT&SA to form Bank of America, N.A. as the remaining legal bank entity.^[41] The combined bank operates under Federal Charter 13044, which was granted to Giannini’s Bank of Italy on March 1, 1927. However, the merged company was and still is headquartered in Charlotte, and retains NationsBank’s pre-1998 stock price history. All U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings before 1998 are listed under NationsBank, not Bank of America. NationsBank president, chairman, and CEO Hugh McColl, took on the same roles with the merged company.^{[citation needed]}

In 1998, Bank of America possessed combined assets of $570  billion, as well as 4,800 branches in 22 U.S. states.^{[citation needed]} Despite the size of the two companies, federal regulators insisted only upon the divestiture of 13 branches in New Mexico, in towns that would be left with only a single bank following the combination.^[42] The broker-dealer, NationsBanc Montgomery Securities, was named Banc of America Securities in 1998.^{[citation needed]}

2001 to present[edit]

In 2001, McColl stepped down and named Ken Lewis as his successor. In 2004, Bank of America announced it would purchase Boston-based bank FleetBoston Financial for $47 billion in cash and stock.^[43] By merging with Bank of America, all of its banks and branches were given the Bank of America logo. At the time of merger, FleetBoston was the seventh largest bank in United States with $197 billion in assets, over 20 million customers and revenue of $12 billion.^[43] Hundreds of FleetBoston workers lost their jobs or were demoted, according to The Boston Globe.

On June 30, 2005, Bank of America announced it would purchase credit card giant MBNA for $35  billion in cash and stock. The Federal Reserve Board gave final approval to the merger on December 15, 2005, and the merger closed on January 1, 2006. The acquisition of MBNA provided Bank of America a leading domestic and foreign credit card issuer. The combined Bank of America Card Services organization, including the former MBNA, had more than 40 million U.S. accounts and nearly $140 billion in outstanding balances. Under Bank of America, the operation was renamed FIA Card Services.

Bank of America operated under the name BankBoston in many other Latin American countries, including Brazil. In May 2006, Bank of America and Banco Itaú (Investimentos Itaú S.A.) entered into an acquisition agreement, through which Itaú agreed to acquire BankBoston’s operations in Brazil, and was granted an exclusive right to purchase Bank of America’s operations in Chile and Uruguay, in exchange for Itaú shares. The deal was signed in August 2006.

Prior to the transaction, BankBoston’s Brazilian operations included asset management, private banking, a credit card portfolio, and small, middle-market, and large corporate segments. It had 66 branches and 203,000 clients in Brazil. BankBoston in Chile had 44 branches and 58,000 clients and in Uruguay, it had 15 branches. In addition, there was a credit card company, OCA, in Uruguay, which had 23 branches. BankBoston N.A. in Uruguay, together with OCA, jointly served 372,000 clients. While the BankBoston name and trademarks were not part of the transaction, as part of the sale agreement, they cannot be used by Bank of America in Brazil, Chile or Uruguay following the transactions. Hence, the BankBoston name has disappeared from Brazil, Chile and Uruguay. The Itaú stock received by Bank of America in the transactions has allowed Bank of America’s stake in Itaú to reach 11.51%. Banco de Boston de Brazil had been founded in 1947.

On November 20, 2006, Bank of America announced the purchase of The United States Trust Company for $3.3 billion, from the Charles Schwab Corporation. US Trust had about $100 billion of assets under management and over 150 years of experience. The deal closed July 1, 2007.^[44]

On September 14, 2007, Bank of America won approval from the Federal Reserve to acquire LaSalle Bank Corporation from ABN AMRO for $21 billion. With this purchase, Bank of America possessed $1.7 trillion in assets. A Dutch court blocked the sale until it was later approved in July. The acquisition was completed on October 1, 2007. Many of LaSalle’s branches and offices had already taken over smaller regional banks within the previous decade, such as Lansing and Detroit-based Michigan National Bank. The acquisition also included the Chicago Marathon event, which ABN AMRO acquired in 1996. Bank of America took over the event starting with the 2007 race.

The deal increased Bank of America’s presence in Illinois, Michigan, and Indiana by 411 branches, 17,000 commercial bank clients, 1.4 million retail customers, and 1,500 ATMs. Bank of America became the largest bank in the Chicago market with 197 offices and 14% of the deposit share, surpassing JPMorgan Chase.

LaSalle Bank and LaSalle Bank Midwest branches adopted the Bank of America name on May 5, 2008.^[45]

Ken Lewis, who had lost the title of chairman of the board, announced that he would retire as CEO effective December 31, 2009, in part due to controversy and legal investigations concerning the purchase of Merrill Lynch. Brian Moynihan became president and CEO effective January 1, 2010, and afterward credit card charge offs and delinquencies declined in January. Bank of America also repaid the $45 billion it had received from the Troubled Assets Relief Program.^[46][47]

Acquisition of Countrywide Financial[edit]

On August 23, 2007, the company announced a $2 billion repurchase agreement for Countrywide Financial. This purchase of preferred stock was arranged to provide a return on investment of 7.25% per annum and provided the option to purchase common stock at a price of $18 per share.^[48]

On January 11, 2008, Bank of America announced that it would buy Countrywide Financial for $4.1 billion.^[49] In March 2008, it was reported that the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) was investigating Countrywide for possible fraud relating to home loans and mortgages.^[50] This news did not hinder the acquisition, which was completed in July 2008,^[51] giving the bank a substantial market share of the mortgage business, and access to Countrywide’s resources for servicing mortgages.^[52] The acquisition was seen as preventing a potential bankruptcy for Countrywide. Countrywide, however, denied that it was close to bankruptcy. Countrywide provided mortgage servicing for nine million mortgages valued at $1.4 trillion as of December 31, 2007.^[53]

This purchase made Bank of America Corporation the leading mortgage originator and servicer in the U.S., controlling 20–25% of the home loan market.^[54] The deal was structured to merge Countrywide with the Red Oak Merger Corporation, which Bank of America created as an independent subsidiary. It has been suggested that the deal was structured this way to prevent a potential bankruptcy stemming from large losses in Countrywide hurting the parent organization by keeping Countrywide bankruptcy remote.^[55] Countrywide Financial has changed its name to Bank of America Home Loans.

In December 2011, the Justice Department announced a $335 million settlement with Bank of America over discriminatory lending practice at Countrywide Financial. Attorney General Eric Holder said a federal probe found discrimination against qualified African-American and Latino borrowers from 2004 to 2008. He said that minority borrowers who qualified for prime loans were steered into higher-interest-rate subprime loans.^[56]

Acquisition of Merrill Lynch[edit]

On September 14, 2008, Bank of America announced its intention to purchase Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. in an all-stock deal worth approximately $50 billion. Merrill Lynch was at the time within days of collapse, and the acquisition effectively saved Merrill from bankruptcy.^[57] Around the same time Bank of America was reportedly also in talks to purchase Lehman Brothers, however a lack of government guarantees caused the bank to abandon talks with Lehman.^[58] Lehman Brothers filed for bankruptcy the same day Bank of America announced its plans to acquire Merrill Lynch.^[59] This acquisition made Bank of America the largest financial services company in the world.^[60] Temasek Holdings, the largest shareholder of Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc., briefly became one of the largest shareholders of Bank of America, with a 3% stake.^[61] However, taking a loss Reuters estimated at $3 billion, the Singapore sovereign wealth fund sold its whole stake in Bank of America in the first quarter of 2009.^[62]

Shareholders of both companies approved the acquisition on December 5, 2008, and the deal closed January 1, 2009.^[63] Bank of America had planned to retain various members of the then Merrill Lynch’s CEO, John Thain’s management team after the merger.^[64] However, after Thain was removed from his position, most of his allies left. The departure of Nelson Chai, who had been named Asia-Pacific president, left just one of Thain’s hires in place: Tom Montag, head of sales and trading.^[65]

The bank, in its January 16, 2009, earnings release, revealed massive losses at Merrill Lynch in the fourth quarter, which necessitated an infusion of money that had previously been negotiated^[66] with the government as part of the government-persuaded deal for the bank to acquire Merrill. Merrill recorded an operating loss of $21.5 billion in the quarter, mainly in its sales and trading operations, led by Tom Montag. The bank also disclosed it tried to abandon the deal in December after the extent of Merrill’s trading losses surfaced, but was compelled to complete the merger by the U.S. government. The bank’s stock price sank to $7.18, its lowest level in 17 years, after announcing earnings and the Merrill mishap. The market capitalization of Bank of America, including Merrill Lynch, was then $45 billion, less than the $50 billion it offered for Merrill just four months earlier, and down $108 billion from the merger announcement.

Bank of America CEO Kenneth Lewis testified before Congress^[7] that he had some misgivings about the acquisition of Merrill Lynch and that federal official pressured him to proceed with the deal or face losing his job and endangering the bank’s relationship with federal regulators.^[67]

Lewis’s statement is backed up by internal emails subpoenaed by Republican lawmakers on the House Oversight Committee.^[68] In one of the emails, Richmond Federal Reserve President Jeffrey Lacker threatened that if the acquisition did not go through, and later Bank of America were forced to request federal assistance, the management of Bank of America would be «gone». Other emails, read by Congressman Dennis Kucinich during the course of Lewis’ testimony, state that Mr. Lewis had foreseen the outrage from his shareholders that the purchase of Merrill would cause, and asked government regulators to issue a letter stating that the government had ordered him to complete the deal to acquire Merrill. Lewis, for his part, states he didn’t recall requesting such a letter.

The acquisition made Bank of America the number one underwriter of global high-yield debt, the third largest underwriter of global equity and the ninth largest adviser on global mergers and acquisitions.^[69] As the credit crisis eased, losses at Merrill Lynch subsided, and the subsidiary generated $3.7 billion of Bank of America’s $4.2 billion in profit by the end of quarter one in 2009, and over 25% in quarter 3 2009.^[70][71]

On September 28, 2012, Bank of America settled the class-action lawsuit over the Merrill Lynch acquisition and will pay $2.43 billion.^[72] This was one of the first major securities class action lawsuits stemming from the financial crisis of 2007–2008 to settle. Many major financial institutions had a stake in this lawsuit, including Chicago Clearing Corporation, hedge funds, and bank trusts, due to the belief that Bank of America stock was a sure investment.

Federal Troubled Asset Relief Program[edit]

On January 16, 2009, Bank of America received $20 billion and a guarantee of $118 billion in potential losses from the U.S. government through the Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP).^[73] This was in addition to the $25 billion given to the bank in the fall of 2008 through TARP. The additional payment was part of a deal with the U.S. government to preserve Bank of America’s merger with Merrill Lynch.^[74] Since then, members of the U.S. Congress have expressed considerable concern about how this money has been spent, especially since some of the recipients have been accused of misusing the bailout money.^[75] Then CEO Ken Lewis was quoted as claiming «We are still lending, and we are lending far more because of the TARP program.» Members of the U.S. House of Representatives, however, were skeptical and quoted many anecdotes about loan applicants (particularly small business owners) being denied loans and credit card holders facing stiffer terms on the debt in their card accounts.

According to an article in The New York Times published on March 15, 2009, Bank of America received an additional $5.2 billion in government bailout money via the bailout of American International Group.^[76]

As a result of its federal bailout and management problems, The Wall Street Journal reported that the Bank of America was operating under a secret «memorandum of understanding» (MOU) from the U.S. government that requires it to «overhaul its board and address perceived problems with risk and liquidity management». With the federal action, the institution has taken several steps, including arranging for six of its directors to resign and forming a Regulatory Impact Office. Bank of America faces several deadlines in July and August and if not met, could face harsher penalties by federal regulators. Bank of America did not respond to The Wall Street Journal story.^[77]

On December 2, 2009, Bank of America announced it would repay the entire $45 billion it received in TARP and exit the program, using $26.2 billion of excess liquidity along with $18.6 billion to be gained in «common equivalent securities» (Tier 1 capital). The bank announced it had completed the repayment on December 9. Bank of America’s Ken Lewis said during the announcement, «We appreciate the critical role that the U.S. government played last fall in helping to stabilize financial markets, and we are pleased to be able to fully repay the investment, with interest…. As America’s largest bank, we have a responsibility to make good on the taxpayers’ investment, and our record shows that we have been able to fulfill that commitment while continuing to lend.»^[78][79]

Bonus settlement[edit]

On August 3, 2009, Bank of America agreed to pay a $33 million fine, without admission or denial of charges, to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) over the non-disclosure of an agreement to pay up to $5.8 billion of bonuses at Merrill. The bank approved the bonuses before the merger but did not disclose them to its shareholders when the shareholders were considering approving the Merrill acquisition, in December 2008. The issue was originally investigated by New York Attorney General Andrew Cuomo, who commented after the suit and announced a settlement that «the timing of the bonuses, as well as the disclosures relating to them, constituted a ‘surprising fit of corporate irresponsibility‘» and «our investigation of these and other matters pursuant to New York’s Martin Act will continue.» Congressman Kucinich commented at the same time that «This may not be the last fine that Bank of America pays for how it handled its merger of Merrill Lynch.»^[80] A federal judge, Jed Rakoff, in an unusual action, refused to approve the settlement on August 5.^[81]
A first hearing before the judge on August 10 was at times heated, and he was «sharply critic[al]» of the bonuses. David Rosenfeld represented the SEC, and Lewis J. Liman, son of Arthur L. Liman, represented the bank. The actual amount of bonuses paid was $3.6 billion, of which $850 million was «guaranteed» and the rest was shared among 39,000 workers who received average payments of $91,000; 696 people received more than $1 million in bonuses; at least one person received a more than $33 million bonus.^[82]

On September 14, the judge rejected the settlement and told the parties to prepare for trial to begin no later than February 1, 2010. The judge focused much of his criticism on the fact that the fine in the case would be paid by the bank’s shareholders, who were the ones that were supposed to have been injured by the lack of disclosure. He wrote, «It is quite something else for the very management that is accused of having lied to its shareholders to determine how much of those victims’ money should be used to make the case against the management go away,» … «The proposed settlement,» the judge continued, «suggests a rather cynical relationship between the parties: the S.E.C. gets to claim that it is exposing wrongdoing on the part of the Bank of America in a high-profile merger; the bank’s management gets to claim that they have been coerced into an onerous settlement by overzealous regulators. And all this is done at the expense, not only of the shareholders but also of the truth.»^[83]

While ultimately deferring to the SEC, in February 2010, Judge Rakoff approved a revised settlement with a $150 million fine «reluctantly», calling the accord «half-baked justice at best» and «inadequate and misguided». Addressing one of the concerns he raised in September, the fine will be «distributed only to Bank of America shareholders harmed by the non-disclosures, or ‘legacy shareholders, an improvement on the prior $33 million while still «paltry», according to the judge. Case: SEC v. Bank of America Corp., 09-cv-06829, United States District Court for the Southern District of New York.^[84] Investigations also were held on this issue in the United States House Committee on Oversight and Government Reform,^[83] under chairman Edolphus Towns (D-NY)^[85] and in its investigative Domestic Policy Subcommittee under Kucinich.^[86]

Fraud[edit]

In 2010, the U.S. government accused the bank of defrauding schools, hospitals, and dozens of state and local government organizations via misconduct and illegal activities involving the investment of proceeds from municipal bond sales. As a result, the bank agreed to pay $137.7 million, including $25 million to the Internal Revenue Service and $4.5 million to the state attorney general, to the affected organizations to settle the allegations.^[87] Former bank official Douglas Campbell pleaded guilty to antitrust, conspiracy, and wire fraud charges. As of January 2011, other bankers and brokers are under indictment or investigation.^[88]

On October 24, 2012, the top federal prosecutor in Manhattan filed a lawsuit alleging that Bank of America fraudulently cost American taxpayers more than $1 billion when Countrywide Financial sold toxic mortgages to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The scheme was called ‘Hustle’, or High Speed Swim Lane.^[89][90] On May 23, 2016, the Second U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that the finding of fact by the jury that low quality mortgages were supplied by Countrywide to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac in the «Hustle» case supported only «intentional breach of contract,» not a fraud. The action, for civil fraud, relied on provisions of the Financial Institutions Reform, Recovery and Enforcement Act. The decision turned on lack of intent to defraud at the time the contract to supply mortgages was made.^[91]

Downsizing (2011 to 2014)[edit]

During 2011, Bank of America began conducting personnel reductions of an estimated 36,000 people, contributing to intended savings of $5 billion per year by 2014.^[92] In December 2011, Forbes ranked Bank of America’s financial wealth 91st out of the nation’s largest 100 banks and thrift institutions.^[93]

Bank of America cut around 16,000 jobs in a quicker fashion by the end of 2012 as revenue continued to decline because of new regulations and a slow economy. This put a plan one year ahead of time to eliminate 30,000 jobs under a cost-cutting program, called Project New BAC.^[94] In the first quarter of 2014, Berkshire bank purchased 20 Bank of America branches in Central and eastern New York for 14.4 million dollars. The branches were from Utica/Rome region and down the Mohawk Valley east to the capital region. In April and May 2014, Bank of America sold two dozen branches in Michigan to Huntington Bancshares. The locations were converted to Huntington National Bank branches in September.^[95]

As part of its new strategy Bank of America is focused on growing its mobile banking platform. As of 2014, Bank of America has 31 million active online users and 16 million mobile users. Its retail banking branches have decreased to 4,900 as a result of increased mobile banking use and a decline in customer branch visits. By 2018, the number of mobile users has increased to 25.3 million and the number of locations fell to 4,411 at the end of June.^[96]

Sale of stake in China Construction Bank[edit]

In 2005, Bank of America acquired a 9% stake in China Construction Bank, one of the Big Four banks in China, for US$3 billion.^[97] It represented the company’s largest foray into China’s growing banking sector. Bank of America has offices in Hong Kong, Shanghai, and Guangzhou and was looking to greatly expand its Chinese business as a result of this deal. In 2008, Bank of America was awarded Project Finance Deal of the Year at the 2008 ALB Hong Kong Law Awards.^[98] In November 2011, Bank of America announced plans to divest most of its stake in the China Construction Bank.^[99]

In September 2013, Bank of America sold its remaining stake in the China Construction Bank for as much as $1.5 billion, marking the firm’s full exit from the country.^[100]

$17 billion settlement with Justice Department[edit]

In August 2014, Bank of America agreed to a near–$17 billion deal to settle claims against it relating to the sale of toxic mortgage-linked securities including subprime home loans, in what was believed to be the largest settlement in U.S. corporate history. The bank agreed with the U.S. Justice Department to pay $9.65 billion in fines, and $7 billion in relief to the victims of the faulty loans which included homeowners, borrowers, pension funds and municipalities.^[101] Real estate economist Jed Kolko said the settlement is a «drop in the bucket» compared to the $700 billion in damages done to 11 million homeowners. Since the settlement covered such a substantial portion of the market, he said for most consumers «you’re out of luck.»^[102]

Much of the government’s prosecution was based on information provided by three whistleblowers – Shareef Abdou (a senior vice president at the bank), Robert Madsen (a professional appraiser employed by a bank subsidiary), and Edward O’Donnell (a Fannie Mae official). The three men received $170 million in whistleblower awards.^[103]

[edit]

Bank of America has formed a partnership with the United States Department of Defense creating a newly chartered bank DOD Community Bank^[104] («Community Bank») providing full banking services to military personnel at 68 branches and ATM locations^[105] on U.S. military installations in Guantanamo Bay Naval Base Cuba, Diego Garcia, Germany, Japan, Italy, Kwajalein Atoll, South Korea, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. Even though Bank of America operates Community Bank, customer services are not interchangeable between the two financial institutions,^[106] meaning that a Community Bank customer cannot go to a Bank of America branch and withdraw from their account and vice versa. Deposits made into checking and savings accounts are insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation up to $250,000 despite the fact that none of Community’s operating branches are located within the jurisdictional borders of the United States.

Decision not to finance makers of military-style guns[edit]

In April 2018, Bank of America announced that it would stop providing financing to makers of military-style weapons such as the AR-15 rifle.^[107] In announcing the decision, Bank of America referenced recent mass shootings and said that it wanted to «contribute in any way we can» to reduce them.

Return to expansion (2015–present)[edit]

In 2015, Bank of America began expanding organically, opening branches in cities where it previously did not have a retail presence. They started that year in Denver, followed by Minneapolis–Saint Paul and Indianapolis, in all cases having at least one of its Big Four competitors, with Chase Bank being available in Denver and Indianapolis, while Wells Fargo is available in Denver and the Twin Cities.^[108] The Twin Cities market is also the home market of U.S. Bancorp, the largest non-Big Four rival.

In January 2018, Bank of America announced an organic expansion of its retail footprint into Pittsburgh and surrounding areas, to supplement its existing commercial lending and investment businesses in the area. Before the expansion, Pittsburgh had been one of the largest US cities without a retail presence by any of the Big Four, with locally based PNC Financial Services (no. 6 nationally) having a commanding market share in the area;^[108][109] this coincided with Chase making a similar expansion into Pittsburgh.^[110] By the end of the fiscal year 2020, Bank of America had become Pittsburgh’s 16th largest bank by deposits, which considering the dominance of PNC and BNY Mellon in the market is considered relatively impressive.^[111] By 2021, Bank of America had moved up to 12th in the market.

In February 2018, Bank of America announced it would expand into Ohio across the state’s three biggest cities (Cleveland, Columbus, and Cincinnati), which are strongholds of Chase.^[113][114] Columbus serves as the bank’s hub in Ohio due to its central location as the state’s capital, its overall size and growth, and an existing Bank of America call center for its credit card division in suburban Westerville. Within a year of entering Ohio, Columbus quickly saw the bank become the 5th largest in the market by deposits, behind only banks either based in Ohio (Fifth Third Bank and locally based Huntington Bancshares) or have a major presence as a result of an acquisition of an Ohio-based institution (Chase and PNC), and ahead of US Bancorp (also with a large presence due to acquiring an Ohio-based bank), Ohio-based KeyBank, and several local institutions.^[115] As of 2021, Bank of America is the 9th largest bank by deposits in all of Ohio.

In January 2020, Bank of America hired new advisors whose primary function are to help their wealthiest clients in the world.^[116]

Operations[edit]

Bank of America generates 90% of its revenues in its domestic market. The core of Bank of America’s strategy is to be the number one bank in its domestic market. It has achieved this through key acquisitions.^[117]

Consumer Banking[edit]

Consumer Banking, the largest division in the company, provides financial services to consumers and small businesses including, banking, investments, merchant services, and lending products including business loans, mortgages, and credit cards. It provides stockbroker services via Merrill Edge, a specific division for investment and related services (such as research and call center counsel) after Merrill Lynch became a subsidiary of Bank of America. The consumer banking division represented 38% of the company’s total revenue in 2016.^[118] The company earns revenue from interest income, service charges, and fees. In addition, the company is a mortgage servicer. It competes primarily with the retail banking arms of America’s three other megabanks: Citigroup, JPMorgan Chase, and Wells Fargo. The Consumer Banking organization includes over 4,600 retail financial centers and approximately 15,900 automated teller machines.

Bank of America is a member of the Global ATM Alliance, a joint venture of several major international banks that provides for reduced fees for consumers using their ATM card or check card at another bank within the Global ATM Alliance when travelling internationally. This feature is restricted to withdrawals using a debit card and users are still subject to foreign currency conversion fees, credit card withdrawals are still subject to cash advance fees and foreign currency conversion fees.

Global Banking[edit]

The Global Banking division provides banking services, including investment banking and lending products to businesses. It includes the businesses of Global Corporate Banking, Global Commercial Banking, Business Banking, and Global Investment Banking. The division represented 22% of the company’s revenue in 2016.^[118]

Before Bank of America’s acquisition of Merrill Lynch, the Global Corporate and Investment Banking (GCIB) business operated as Banc of America Securities LLC. The bank’s investment banking activities operate under the Merrill Lynch subsidiary and provided mergers and acquisitions advisory, underwriting, capital markets, as well as sales & trading in fixed income and equities markets. Its strongest groups include Leveraged Finance, Syndicated Loans, and mortgage-backed securities. It also has one of the largest research teams on Wall Street. Bank of America Merrill Lynch is headquartered in New York City.

Global Wealth and Investment Management[edit]

The Global Wealth and Investment Management (GWIM) division manages the investment assets of institutions and individuals. It includes the businesses of Merrill Lynch Global Wealth Management and U.S. Trust and represented 21% of the company’s total revenue in 2016.^[118] It is among the 10 largest U.S. wealth managers. It has over $2.5 trillion in client balances.^[118] GWIM has five primary lines of business: Premier Banking & Investments (including Bank of America Investment Services, Inc.), The Private Bank, Family Wealth Advisors, and Bank of America Specialist.

Global Markets[edit]

The Global Markets division offers services to institutional clients, including trading in financial securities. The division provides research and other services such as securities service, market maker, and risk management using derivatives. The division represented 19% of the company’s total revenues in 2016.^[118]

Labor[edit]

On April 9, 2019, the company announced minimum wage will be increased beginning May 1, 2019, to $17.00 an hour until it reaches a goal of $20.00 an hour in 2021.^[119]

Offices[edit]

The Bank of America principal executive offices are located in the Bank of America Corporate Center, Charlotte, North Carolina. The skyscraper is located at 100 North Tryon Street, and stands at 871 ft (265 m), having been completed in 1992.

In 2012, Bank of America cut ties to the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC).^[120]

International offices[edit]

Bank of America’s Global Corporate and Investment Banking has its U.S. headquarters in Charlotte, European headquarters in Dublin, and Asian headquarters in Hong Kong and Singapore.^[121]

Corporate Governance[edit]

Board of Directors^[122]

Name	Position
Brian Moynihan	Chairman of the board and chief executive officer, Bank of America Corporation
Susan S. Bies
Frank P. Bramble, Sr.
Arnold W. Donald
Monica C. Lozano
Lionel L. Nowell, III
Clayton S. Rose
Thomas D. Woods
Maria T. Zuber
Sharon L. Allen
Jack O. Bovender, Jr.	Lead Independent Director, Bank of America Corporation
Pierre J. P. de Weck
Linda P. Hudson
Thomas J. May
Denise L. Ramos
Michael D. White
R. David Yost

Chief Executive Officer[edit]

List of CEOs[edit]

1. Hugh McColl (1998–2001)^[123]
2. Ken Lewis (2001–2009)^[124]
3. Brian Moynihan (2010– )^[125]

CEO Pay Ratio[edit]

Pursuant to Section 953(b) of the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, publicly traded companies are required to disclose (1) the median total annual compensation of all employees other than the CEO and (2) the ratio of the CEO’s annual total compensation to that of the median employee (CEO Pay Ratio).^[126] Total 2018 compensation for Brian Moynihan, CEO, amounted to $22,765,354, and total compensation of the median employee was determined to be $92,040. The resulting pay ratio is estimated to be 247:1.^[127]

Charitable efforts[edit]

In 1998, the bank made a ten-year commitment of $350 billion to provide affordable mortgages, build affordable housing, support small businesses and create jobs in disadvantaged neighbourhoods.^[128] In 2004, the bank pledged $750 million over a ten-year period for community development lending and affordable housing programs.^[129]

In 2007, the bank offered employees a $3,000 rebate for the purchase of hybrid vehicles. The company also provided a $1,000 rebate or a lower interest rate for customers whose homes qualified as energy efficient.^[130] In 2007, Bank of America partnered with Brighter Planet to offer an eco-friendly credit card, and later a debit card, which help build renewable energy projects with each purchase.^[131] Bank of America has also donated money to help health centers in Massachusetts^[132] and made a $1 million donation in 2007 to help homeless shelters in Miami.^[133]

Lawsuits, controversies, and incidents[edit]

Lawsuits[edit]

Parmalat lawsuit[edit]

Parmalat SpA is a multinational Italian dairy and food corporation. Following Parmalat’s 2003 bankruptcy, the company sued Bank of America for $10 billion, alleging the bank profited from its knowledge of Parmalat’s financial difficulties. The parties announced a settlement in July 2009, resulting in Bank of America paying Parmalat $98.5 million in October 2009.^[134][135] In a related case, on April 18, 2011, an Italian court acquitted Bank of America and three other large banks, along with their employees, of charges they assisted Parmalat in concealing its fraud, and of lacking sufficient internal controls to prevent such frauds. Prosecutors did not immediately say whether they would appeal the rulings. In Parma, the banks were still charged with covering up the fraud.^[136]

Mortgage abuses[edit]

In August 2011, Bank of America was sued for $10 billion by American International Group over an alleged «massive fraud» on mortgage debt.^[137] Another lawsuit filed against Bank of America, pertained to $57.5 billion in mortgage-backed securities Bank of America sold to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac.^[138] That December, Bank of America agreed to pay $335 million to settle a federal government claim that Countrywide Financial had discriminated against Hispanic and African-American homebuyers from 2004 to 2008, prior to being acquired by BofA.^[139] In September 2012, BofA settled out of court for $2.4 billion in a class action lawsuit filed by BofA shareholders who felt they were misled about the purchase of Merrill Lynch.^[140]

On February 9, 2012, it was announced that the five largest mortgage servicers (Ally/GMAC, Bank of America, Citi, JPMorgan Chase, and Wells Fargo) agreed to a historic settlement with the federal government and 49 states.^[141] The settlement, known as the National Mortgage Settlement (NMS), required the servicers to provide about $26 billion in relief to distressed homeowners and indirect payments to the states and the federal government. This settlement amount makes the NMS the second largest civil settlement in U.S. history, only trailing the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement.^[142] The five banks were also required to comply with 305 new mortgage servicing standards. Oklahoma held out and agreed to settle with the banks separately.

On October 24, 2012, American federal prosecutors filed a $1 billion civil lawsuit against Bank of America for mortgage fraud under the False Claims Act, which provides for possible penalties of triple the damages suffered. The government asserted that Countrywide, which was acquired by Bank of America, rubber-stamped mortgage loans to risky borrowers and forced taxpayers to guarantee billions of bad loans through Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac. The suit was filed by Preet Bharara, the United States attorney in Manhattan, the inspector general of FHFA and the special inspector for the Troubled Asset Relief Program.^[143] In March 2014, Bank of America settled the suit by agreeing to pay $6.3 billion to Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac and to buy back around $3.2 billion worth of mortgage bonds.^[144]

A $7.5 million settlement was reached in April 2014 with former chief financial officer for Bank of America, Joe L. Price, over allegations that the bank’s management withheld material information related to its 2008 merger with Merrill Lynch.^[145] In August 2014, the United States Department of Justice and the bank agreed to a $16.65 billion agreement over the sale of risky, mortgage-backed securities before the Great Recession; the loans behind the securities were transferred to the company when it acquired banks such as Merrill Lynch and Countrywide in 2008.^[146] As a whole, the three firms provided $965 billion of mortgage-backed securities from 2004 to 2008.^[147] The settlement was structured to give $7 billion in consumer relief and $9.65 billion in penalty payments to the federal government and state governments; California, for instance, received $300 million to recompense public pension funds.^[146][148] The settlement was the largest in United States history between a single company and the federal government.^[149][150]

Settlement with homeowners[edit]

On March 14, 2011, members of hacker group Anonymous began releasing emails said to be from a former Bank of America employee. According to the group, the emails documented alleged «corruption and fraud». The source, identified publicly as Brian Penny,^[151] was a former LPI Specialist from Balboa Insurance, a firm which used to be owned by the bank, but was sold to Australian Reinsurance Company QBE.^[152] On April 7, 2014, Bank of America and QBE settled a class-action lawsuit stemming from the leak for $228 million.^[153]

Unfair billing practices[edit]

In April 2014, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) ordered Bank of America to provide an estimated $727 million in relief to consumers harmed by practices related to credit card add-on products. According to the Bureau, roughly 1.4 million customers were affected by deceptive marketing of add-on products, and 1.9 million customers were illegally charged for credit monitoring and reporting services they were not receiving. The deceptive marketing misconduct involved telemarketing scripts containing misstatements and off-script sales pitches made by telemarketers that were misleading and omitted pertinent information. The unfair billing practices involved billing customers for privacy-related products without having the authorization necessary to perform the credit monitoring and credit report retrieval services. As a result, the company billed customers for services they did not receive, unfairly charged consumers for interest and fees, illegally charged approximately 1.9 million accounts, and failed to provide the product benefit.^[154] In May 2022, CFPB ordered Bank of America to pay $10 million in penalties for illegal garnishments.^[155]

Discrimination[edit]

In 2018, former senior executive Omeed Malik filed a $100 million arbitration case through FINRA against Bank of America after the company investigated him for alleged sexual misconduct.^[156] His defamation claim was on the basis of retaliation, breach of contract, and discrimination against his Muslim background.^[157] Malik received an eight-figure settlement in July of the same year.^[158][159]

Fake accounts, junk fees and withheld rewards[edit]

In 2023, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau said that a total of $250 million in fines and compensation has been levied against Bank of America for «deceptive practices that harmed hundreds of thousands of consumers,» including double charging insufficient funds fees, withholding credit card rewards, and opening accounts without the knowledge or permission of customers.^[160]

Controversies[edit]

Consumer credit controversies[edit]

In January 2008, Bank of America began notifying some customers without payment problems that their interest rates were more than doubled, up to 28%. The bank was criticized for raising rates on customers in good standing, and for declining to explain why it had done so.^[161][162] In September 2009, a Bank of America credit card customer, Ann Minch, posted a video on YouTube criticizing the bank for raising her interest rate. After the video went viral, she was contacted by a Bank of America representative who lowered her rate. The story attracted national attention from television and internet commentators.^{[163][164][165]} In 2010, the bank was criticized for allegedly seizing three properties that were not under their ownership, apparently due to incorrect addresses on their legal documents.^[166]

State of Arizona investigation[edit]

In 2010 the state of Arizona launched an investigation into Bank of America for misleading homeowners who sought to modify their mortgage loans. According to the attorney general of Arizona, the bank «repeatedly has deceived» such mortgagors. In response to the investigation, the bank has given some modifications on the condition that the homeowners remove some information criticizing the bank online.^[167]

Investment in coal mining[edit]

On May 6, 2015, Bank of America announced it would reduce its financial exposure to coal companies. The announcement came following pressure from universities and environmental groups. The new policy was announced as part of the bank’s decision to continue to reduce credit exposure over time to the coal mining sector.^[168]

Incidents[edit]

Wikileaks incident[edit]

In October 2009, Julian Assange of WikiLeaks claimed that his organization possessed a 5 gigabyte hard drive formerly used by a Bank of America executive and that Wikileaks intended to publish its contents.^[169] In November 2010, Forbes published an interview with Assange in which he stated his intent to publish information which would turn a major U.S. bank «inside out».^[170] In response to this announcement, Bank of America stock dropped 3.2%.^[171]

In December 2010, Bank of America announced that it would no longer service requests to transfer funds to WikiLeaks,^[172] stating that «Bank of America joins in the actions previously announced by MasterCard, PayPal, Visa Europe, and others and will not process transactions of any type that we have reason to believe are intended for WikiLeaks… This decision is based upon our reasonable belief that WikiLeaks may be engaged in activities that are, among other things, inconsistent with our internal policies for processing payments.»^[173]

Later in December, it was announced that Bank of America purchased more than 300 Internet domain names in an attempt to preempt bad publicity that might be forthcoming in the anticipated WikiLeaks release. The domain names included as BrianMoynihanBlows.com, BrianMoynihanSucks.com and similar names for other top executives of the bank.^{[174][175][176][177]}

Sometime before August 2011, WikiLeaks claimed that 5 GB of Bank of America leaks was part of the deletion of over 3500 communications by Daniel Domscheit-Berg, a now ex-WikiLeaks volunteer.^[178][179]

Ryan Coogler incident[edit]

In March 2022, the bank was involved in a incident related to the notable filmmaker Ryan Coogler who was wrongly targeted as a bank robber and detained by the police in Atlanta, Georgia, after Coogler tried to withdraw cash in the local branch of the Bank of America. After his identity was verified with both his California state ID card and his Bank of America card, Coogler was released and the bank released an apology statement. According to a number of sources, the bank’s teller hadn’t checked Coogler’s ID to verify if he was the owner of the bank account before she asked the bank’s supervisor to call police.^{[180][181][182][183]}

Competition[edit]

Bank of America’s major competitors are Wells Fargo, Santander, PNC Financial Services, Ally Financial, Capital One, JPMorgan Chase Bank, US Bank, Citizens Financial Group, Citigroup, M&T Bank, and Truist.

Notable buildings[edit]

Notable buildings which Bank of America currently occupies include:

• Bank of America Tower in Phoenix, Arizona
• 9454 Wilshire Boulevard in Beverly Hills, California
• Bank of America Center in Los Angeles, California
• Transamerica Pyramid, in San Francisco
• 555 California Street, formerly the Bank of America Center and world headquarters, in San Francisco, California
• City Place I, also known as United Healthcare Center, in Hartford, Connecticut (the tallest building in Connecticut)
• Bank of America Plaza in Fort Lauderdale, Florida
• Bank of America Tower in Jacksonville, Florida
• Bank of America Financial Center (Brickell) and Bank of America Museum Tower (Downtown Miami) in Miami, Florida
• Bank of America Center in Orlando, Florida
• Bank of America Tower in St. Petersburg, Florida
• Bank of America Plaza in Tampa, Florida
• Bank of America Plaza in Atlanta, Georgia
• Bank of America Building, formerly the LaSalle Bank Building in Chicago, Illinois
• One City Center, often called the Bank of America building due to signage rights, in Portland, Maine
• Bank of America Building in Baltimore, Maryland
• Bank of America Plaza in St Louis, Missouri
• Bank of America Tower in Albuquerque, New Mexico
• Bank of America Tower in New York City
• Bank of America Corporate Center in Charlotte, North Carolina (the corporate headquarters)
• Bank of America Plaza in Charlotte, North Carolina
• Bank of America Tower in Charlotte, North Carolina
• Hearst Tower in Charlotte, North Carolina
• Bank of America Plaza in Dallas, Texas
• Bank of America Tower in Midland, Texas
• Bank of America Plaza in San Antonio, Texas
• Bank of America Fifth Avenue Plaza in Seattle, Washington
• Columbia Center in Seattle, Washington
• Bank of America Tower in Hong Kong

In 2010, the bank completed construction of the 1 Bank of America Center in Charlotte center city. The tower, and accompanying hotel, is a LEED-certified building.^[184]

Former buildings[edit]

The Robert B. Atwood Building in Anchorage, Alaska, was at one time named the Bank of America Center, renamed in conjunction with the bank’s acquisition of building tenant Security Pacific Bank. This particular branch was later acquired by Alaska-based Northrim Bank and moved across the street to the Linny Pacillo Parking Garage.

The Bank of America Building (Providence) opened in 1928 as the Industrial Trust Building and remains the tallest building in Rhode Island. Through a number of mergers, it was later known as the Industrial National Bank building and the Fleet Bank building. The building was leased by Bank of America from 2004 to 2012 and has been vacant since March 2013. The building is commonly known as the Superman Building based on a popular belief that it was the model for the Daily Planet building in the Superman comic books.

The Miami Tower iconic in its appearance in Miami Vice was known as the Bank of America Tower for many years. It is located in Downtown Miami. On April 18, 2012, the AIA’s Florida Chapter placed it on its list of Florida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places as the Bank of America Tower.^[185]

TC Energy Center in Houston, Texas, was previously known as Bank of America Center until Bank of America ended its tenancy in the building in June 2019. Designed in the postmodern architecture style by renowned architect Philip Johnson, the building has been one of the most recognizable landmarks of the downtown Houston skyline since it was completed in 1983.^[186]

See also[edit]

• List of members ATM Industry Association (ATMIA)
• BAML Capital Partners
• Bank of America (Asia)
• Big Four banks
• Calibuso, et al. v. Bank of America Corp., et al.
• List of bank mergers in the United States
• List of largest banks in the United States

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Cohen, Lauren (2016). Bank of America Interview Tips. Los Angeles, CA: Smith-Westfield Press.
• Bonadio, Felice A. (1994). A.P. Giannini: Banker of America. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-08249-6.
• Hector, Gary (1988). Breaking the Bank: The Decline of BankAmerica. Boston: Little, Brown. ISBN 978-0-316-35392-2.
• James, Marquie; James, Bessie (1954). Biography of a Bank: The Story of Bank of America N.T.&S.A. New York: Harper and Brothers.
• Johnston, Moira (1990). Roller Coaster: The Bank of America and the Future of American Banking. New York: Ticknor & Fields. ISBN 9780899199559.
• Josephson, Matthew (1972). The Money Lords: The Great Finance Capitalists, 1925–1950. New York: Weybright and Talley.
• Lampert, Hope (1986). Behind Closed Doors: Wheeling and Dealing in the Banking World. New York: Atheneum. ISBN 9780689117473.
• Light, Larry (October 1, 2007). «Money for the Masses». Forbes.
• Monnette, Orra Eugene. Personal Papers Collection. Los Angeles, CA: Los Angeles Public Library.
• Nash, Gerald G. (1992). A.P. Giannini and the Bank of America. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.
• Yockey, Ross (1999). McColl: The Man with America’s Money. Atlanta: Longstreet Press.
• Ahmed, Azam; Demirjian, Karoun (February 15, 2007). «Credit offered to illegal residents». Chicago Tribune.

External links[edit]

• Official website
• [DOD] Community Bank operated by Bank of America (official website)
• Business data for Bank of America Corp:
  • Google
  • SEC filings
  • Yahoo!

Bank of America Corporation
Тип	Публичная компания
Участие в ССВ	Да (гарантированы FDIC)
Листинг на бирже	NYSE: BAC TYO: 8648
Девиз	Higher Standards
Год основания	1928
Расположение	Шарлотт, Северная Каролина (США)
Ключевые фигуры	Чарльз Холлидей (англ.)русск. (председатель) Брайан Мойнихэн (англ.)русск. (президент и CEO)
Активы	▲ $ 2,264 трлн (2010)[1]
Чистая прибыль	▼ $ 2,238 млрд (2010)[1]
Число сотрудников	288 000 (2010)[1]
Сайт	www.bankofamerica.com

Bank of America — американский финансовый конгломерат, оказывающий широкий спектр финансовых услуг частным и юридическим лицам, крупнейшая банковская холдинговая компания в США по числу активов^[2], занимает 3 место среди крупнейших компаний мира по версии Forbes^[3]. У компании почти 6000^[4] отделений банка в США и 300^[4] в других странах, 288 000^[4] сотрудников и 16 500^{[источник не указан 632 дня]} банкоматов.

14 сентября 2008 года Bank of America объявил о покупке инвестиционного банка Merrill Lynch. Стоимость покупки по информации газеты Уолл-стрит джорнал составила 50 млрд долларов^[5].

Bank of America (BofA) 29 августа 2011 г объявил о намерении продать 13,1 млрд акций китайского China Construction Bank (ССВ) группе частных инвесторов. Стоимость сделки составляет 8,3 млрд долларов. ^[6].

История

Банк Италии, Сан-Франциско

В 1904 году сын итальянских эмигрантов Амадео Джаннини (англ.)русск. основал в Сан-Франциско новый банк под названием Банк Италии (англ.)русск., предназначенный для работы среди многочисленных итальянских эмигрантов. Банк Италии проявил большую активность по восстановлению Сан-Франциско после катастрофического землетрясения 1906 года. Джаннини применил несколько инноваций в банковской сфере, в частности, он одним из первых сделал упор на обслуживание «среднего класса», открыл большое количество отделений банка (англ.)русск., которых к 1927 году насчитывалось более 100. В 1929 году он осуществил слияние своего банка с расположенным в Лос-Анжелесе Банком Америки. Объединённый банк принял имя последнего.

Банк Америки, Сан-Франциско

К этому времени Банк Америки стал крупнейшим банком США. Операции Джаннини вышли далеко за пределы Калифорнии при помощи основанной им в 1928 году Transamerica Corporation (англ.)русск., которая владела ключевым пакетом акций самого Банка Америки.

После отставки в 1945 году Амадео Джаннини дело продолжил его сын Лоренс Джаннин^[7], ставший президентом банка ещё в 1936 году. С его смертью, совпавшей с победой на президентских выборах в США Республиканской партии, для Банка Америки настали трудные времена.

С принятием нового антимонопольного законодательства (Закона Клейтона и Закона о банковских холдинговых компаниях (англ.)русск.) Банк Америки и Transamerica Corporation в 1953 году были разделены. Из Transamerica Corporation в 1957 году выделилась компания First Interstate Bancorp (англ.)русск., поглощённая в 1996 году Wells Fargo. Transamerica Corporation, занявшаяся исключительно страховым бизнесом, была в 1999 году куплена нидерландской Aegon. Сам Банк Америки ограничил свои операции рамками Калифорнии.

С 1958 года Банк Америки стал выпускать кредитные карты, из которых выросли современные карты VISA. В ответ группа банков, группировавшаяся вокруг Wells Fargo, выпустили в 1966 году MasterCard.

В 1983 году Банк Америки вновь вышел за пределы Калифорнии, приобретя Seafirst Bank (англ.)русск. в Сиэтле. Но уже в 1986—1987 годах он понёс большие потери и с трудом отбил атаку собственного «отпрыска» — First Interstate Bancorp, попытавшейся завладеть Банком Америки. В 1990-х годах, приобретя ряд банков (включая калифорнийский Security Pacific Bank (англ.)русск., чикагский Continental Illinois (англ.)русск.), Банк Америки по размеру вкладов вновь стал обширнейшим банком США, но в 1997 году предоставил 1,4 млрд долларов США нью-йоркской D. E. Shaw & Co. (англ.)русск.), и это привело к катастрофе. Деньги пропали в результате экономического кризиса в России в 1998 году, и сам Банк Америки был куплен шарлоттским NationsBank.

NationsBank, Шарлотт

Был основан в 1874 году в городе Шарлотте штата Северная Каролина под именем Commercial National Bank (англ.)русск., в 1957 году объединился со своим многолетним шарлоттским соперником American Trust Co. под именем American Commercial Bank, ставший в 1960 году после слияния с Security National Bank называться Carolina National Bank (англ.)русск..

Все эти годы банк оставался финансовым учреждением местного значения. Лишь в 1982 году было сделано первое приобретение за пределами Северной Каролины — куплен First National Bank of Lake City. В следующем году банк возглавил Хью МакКолл (англ.)русск., начавший совместно с шарлоттским First Union Corporation (англ.)русск. и другими дружественными банками энергичную экспансию.

Было приобретено более 200 различных банков, включая такие крупные как First RepublicBank Corporation of Dallas (1988) и C&S/Sovran Corp (1991), после чего банк был переименован в NationsBank и продолжил экспансию, поглотив Maryland National Corporation (1992), Chicago Research and Trading Group (1993), BankSouth (1995), St. Louis-based Boatmen’s Bancshares (1996), Jacksonville, Florida based Barnett Bank (1997), Montgomery Securities (1997), и, наконец, Банк Америки (1998), приняв имя последнего. Штаб-квартира банка была оставлена в Шарлотте.

Банк Америки, Шарлотт

В 1999 году МакКолл передал текущие операции своему преемнику Кену Луису (англ.)русск., унаследовавшему в 2001 году от него посты CEO, председатель совета директоров и президента Банка Америки.

Экспансия банка продолжалась. В 2004 году был куплен FleetBoston Financial (англ.)русск., в который слились большинство банков Новой Англии, в 2005 году — мерилендский MBNA (англ.)русск.. Из-за этого произошёл конфликт с шарлоттской Wachovia, который с 2001 года стал называться FirstUnion Bank. Wachovia уступил, получив 100 млн долларов США отступного.

И наконец, в 2008 году во время мирового экономического кризиса был куплен Merrill Lynch. Последнее вызвало резкие нападки на Банк Америки вследствие выявившегося слишком поздно бедственного состояния покупки и тем, что она приобреталась на средства, выделенные правительством на борьбу с финансовым кризисом. В результате Кен Луис был вынужден с 29 апреля 2009 года передать пост председателя совета директоров Уолтеру Мэсси (англ.)русск. и к концу года уйти в отставку. На посту СЕО Банка Америки его заменил с 1 января 2010 года Брайан Мойнихэн (англ.)русск., присоединившийся к Банку Америки вместе с ФлитБостон банком.

Примечания

Ссылки

• Официальный сайт банка  (англ.)

База расчёта индекса Dow Jones Industrial Average

3M • Alcoa • American Express • AT&T • Bank of America • Boeing • Caterpillar • Chevron • Cisco Systems • Coca-Cola • DuPont • ExxonMobil • General Electric • Hewlett-Packard • The Home Depot • Intel • IBM • Johnson & Johnson • JPMorgan Chase • Kraft Foods • McDonald’s • Merck & Co. • Microsoft • Pfizer • Procter & Gamble • The Travelers Companies • United Technologies • Verizon Communications • Wal-Mart Stores • Walt Disney

База расчёта индекса Dow Jones Global Titans 50

Abbott Laboratories · Allianz · Apple · AT&T · Banco Santander · Bank of America · BHP Billiton · BNP Paribas · BP · Chevron · Cisco Systems · Coca-Cola · ConocoPhillips · E.ON · Eni · Exxon Mobil · France Télécom · General Electric · GlaxoSmithKline · Google · Hewlett-Packard · HSBC · IBM · Intel · Johnson & Johnson · JPMorgan Chase · Merck & Co. · Microsoft · Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group · Nestlé · Nokia · Novartis · Oracle · PepsiCo · Petrobras · Pfizer · Philip Morris International · Procter & Gamble · Roche · Royal Dutch Shell · Samsung Electronics · Sanofi-Aventis · Schlumberger · Siemens · Telefónica · Total · Toyota · Verizon Communications · Vodafone · Wal-Mart

Bank of America — компания по оказанию финансовых услуг, одна из крупнейших банковских холдинговых компаний Соединённых Штатов Америки. Оказывает широкий спектр банковских услуг частным и юридическим лицам. У компании насчитывается 47 млн клиентов, 4600 розничных отделений и 16 тыс. банкоматов (данные на октябрь 2017 года).

Показатели деятельности

2023: Третий по капитализации банк в мире

История

2023

Кража данных десятков тысяч клиентов из-за атаки вируса-вымогателя

9 августа 2023 года аудиторская и консалтинговая компания Ernst & Young (EY) сообщила о том, что в результате атаки вирус-вымогателя похищена персональная информация десятков тысяч клиентов Bank of America.

Злоумышленники воспользовались уязвимостями в программном обеспечении MOVEit Transfer, разработанном компанией IpSwitch (дочерняя структура Progress Software). Это приложение предназначено для конфиденциальной передачи различных файлов. Например, ПО дает возможность организовать обмен информацией между сотрудниками какого-либо предприятия и внешними подрядчиками. В конце мая 2023 года стало известно о подозрительной активности в сетях многих организаций, использующих MOVEit Transfer. Как показало расследование, киберпреступники использовали ранее неизвестную уязвимость для выполнения SQL-запросов к базе данных и кражи файлов.

Согласно письму EY генеральному прокурору штата Мэн, в результате вторжения пострадали 30 210 клиентов Bank of America. В распоряжении злоумышленников оказался обширный набор персональных данных: это имена и фамилии, адреса, информация о финансовых счетах, номера дебетовых или кредитных карт, номера социального страхования, а также идентификационные номера, выданные правительством. Киберпреступники могут использовать украденную информацию для различных мошеннических схем: от фишинговых атак до открытия новых счетов, совершения несанкционированных покупок или получения кредитов под ложным предлогом.

Ответственность за взлом взяла на себя киберпреступная группировка Cl0p. Эксперты предупреждают, что даже кажущаяся незначительной утечка личной информации может иметь фатальные последствия. Жертвы, чьи данные украдены, часто не понимают, что они были скомпрометированы, и поэтому не предпринимают никаких действий, чтобы смягчить последствия.^[1]

Штраф $250 млн за двойные комиссии, обман с льготами по кредитам и скрытое открытие счетов клиентам

11 июля 2023 г Bank of America согласился выплатить 250 млн долл. в виде штрафов и компенсаций, чтобы урегулировать претензии по поводу того, что банк систематически взимал с клиентов двойные комиссии, не предоставлял обещанные льготы по кредитным картам и открывал счета без разрешения клиентов.

По мнению Бюро по финансовой защите потребителей (CFPB) и Управления валютного контролера (OCC), в течение нескольких лет Bank of America извлекал десятки миллионов долларов, взимая многочисленные комиссии с клиентов, не имевших достаточных средств на своих счетах.

По крайней мере с 2012 г. сотрудники Bank of America также незаконно подавали заявки на кредитные карты и оформляли их на потребителей без их ведома, говорится в заявлении CFPB.

По данным CFPB, банк, также не выполнил обещания по выплате денежных вознаграждений и бонусных баллов десяткам тысяч клиентов, пользующихся кредитными картами.

2022: Штраф за использование WhatsApp в рабочих целях

22 августа 2022 года стало известно, что крупным банкам США, таким как JPMorgan Chase и Bank of America, в совокупности заплатят более $1 млрд штрафов за использование сотрудниками несанкционированных средств обмена сообщениями, включая электронную почту и приложения такие, как WhatsApp. Подробнее здесь.

2021

Повышение минимальной зарплаты сотрудников в США до $25 в час

В конце мая 2021 года Bank of America заявил, что к 2025 году повысит минимальную заработную плату своих сотрудников в США до $25 в час. Руководство банка считает, что более высокая оплата способствует формированию у сотрудников «карьерного мышления» и в конечном итоге повышает их лояльность компании.

Это обойдется нам в несколько сотен миллионов долларов в год <…> но это важные инвестиции, — сказал генеральный директор банка Брайан Мойнихан (Brian Moynihan), добавив, что речь идет о поддержании «высокого уровня жизни для наших товарищей по команде.

Руководство банка надеется, что инициатива такой крупной компании сумеет установить стандарты для всей отрасли.

Bank of America не впервые повышает минимальную заработную плату для своих сотрудников. В 2017 году банк повысил минимальную заработную плату до $15 в час. Два года спустя компания объявила, что поднимет этот уровень до $20 в ближайшие два года и реализовала этот план с опережением графика. Последнее повышение зарплаты коснулось более 200 000 сотрудников.

Принятое банком решение — еще один этап общенациональных дебатов о минимальной заработной плате, которые снова активизировались во время пандемии и после инаугурации президента Джо Байдена, который поддерживает повышение федеральной минимальной заработной платы до $15 в час. Президент вновь подтвердил эти планы в своем обращении к заседанию Конгресса 28 апреля 2021 года, а ранее подписал указ о повышении минимальной заработной платы для федеральных контрактников до $15 в час в начале 2022 года (в 2021 году это значение составляет $10,95).

Bank of America также потребует от своих продавцов и поставщиков платить своим сотрудникам не менее $15 в час. Это решение затронет более 2000 фирм-поставщиков и 43 000 сотрудников этих фирм. По словам Мойнихана, 99% поставщиков уже сейчас платят своим рабочим не менее $15 в час.^[2]

Банк передаёт ФБР информацию о 211 клиентах, которые могли быть причастны к штурму Капитолия

Второй по величине банк США Bank of America по просьбе ФБР проанализировал покупки своих клиентов, чтобы вычислить среди них «экстремистов», сообщает Fox News в феврале 2021 г.

Подозрительными посчитали тех, кто останавливался в Вашингтоне или его окрестностях после штурма Капитолия:

• «1. Клиенты, в отношении которых установлено, что они совершали покупки по карте в Вашингтоне 5 или 6 января.
• 2. Покупки в отелях/ бронирование жилья на Airbnb в Вашингтоне, Вирджинии или Мэриленде после 6 января.
• 3. Любые покупки оружия или в торговых точках, связанных с оружием, между 7 января и предполагаемой остановкой в Вашингтоне, или его окрестностях. 
• 4. Покупки, связанные с авиалиниями, после 6 января»

Как отмечает телеканал, банк передал федералам информацию о 211 своих клиентах, поставив под угрозу их благополучие.

2019: В 20-ке самых прибыльных компаний мира

2018: Сокращение 100 тыс. рабочих мест за счет автоматизации

16 октября 2018 года генеральный директор Bank of America Брайан Мойнихан (Brian Moynihan) рассказал в интервью телеканалу CNBC о том, что менее чем за 10 лет численность персонала компании сократилась на 100 тыс. человек или примерно на 30%, чему во многом способствовало внедрение технологий и автоматизации.

У нас работало 288 тыс. человек, когда я занял пост гендиректора 1 января 2010 года. В прошлом [третьем — прим. TAdviser] квартале у нас было 204 тыс. сотрудников, — рассказал Мойнихан, возглавляющий к октябрю 2018 года вторую по величине кредитную организацию в США, на форуме CNBC Net/Net Summit, который состоялся на Нью-Йоркской фондовой бирже.

Глава Bank of America отметил, что в какой-то момент штат банка достигал 305 тыс. работников. В итоге, по его словам, было сокращено больше рабочих мест, чем их насчитывается во всей авиакомпании Delta Air Lines. Этот авиаперевозчик входит в число лидеров в мире по количеству воздушных судов, по объемам пассажиропотока и по количеству пунктов назначения.

Брайан Мойнихан подчеркнул, что существенное уменьшение численности персонала в таком гигантском банке, как Bank of America, стало возможным за счет применения технологий в рабочих процессах, а также благодаря изменению поведения клиентов.

Мойнихан говорит, что интернет-банкинг существует с 1990-х годов, но ситуация здесь в корне поменялась лишь с появлением первого iPhone в 2007 году, поскольку тогда клиенты получили возможность, по сути, иметь банк в кармане. В 2008-м Bank of America начал планировать свою цифровую стратегию, а к октябрю 2018 года мобильным приложением банка пользуется почти 26 млн клиентов, и темпы роста аудитории только увеличиваются. Автоматизация и мобильные технологии позволили компании закрыть неэффективные отделения и перебросить персонал на позиции, ориентированные на клиентов.

Искусственный интеллект и автоматизация процессов помогли сократить количество человеко-часов на 84 тыс. в год в филиалах Bank of America на Уолл-стрит. Банк объединил работу дата-центров в одной сети и перевел приложения в частное облако, что позволило уменьшить расходы.^[3]

2017: ИБ-расходы в $600 млн

В октябре 2017 года стало известно о расходах Bank of America на информационную безопасность (ИБ). Компания готова потратить более полумиллиарда долларов на обеспечение киберзащиты своей ИТ-инфраструктуру в 2017 и 2018 годы.

В интервью телеканалу CNBC директор по операциям и технологиям Bank of America Кэти Бессант (Cathy Bessant) сообщила, что ИБ-бюджет банка на 2017 год составляет $600 млн. Такой же размер инвестиций запланирован на 2018 год. В 2015-м затраты измерялись $400 млн.

По словам Бессант, около 1200 сотрудников Bank of America занимаются вопросами обеспечения информационной безопасности инфраструктуры банка.^[4]

Bank of America стала увеличивать ИБ-расходы после массовой утечки данных клиентов, о которой стало известно в 2011 году. Тогда один из сотрудников банка, имевший доступ к конфиденциальной информации клиентов, скопировал эти данные и передал их злоумышленникам.

Скомпрометированные данные включали в себя полные имена клиентов, их адреса, номера социального страхования, телефонные номера, номера банковских счетов, водительских прав, адреса электронной почты, даты рождения и даже PIN-коды и информацию о состоянии счетов. Ущерб от этой утечки составил $10 млн.

В интервью Bloomberg в 2017 году генеральный директор Bank of America Брайан Мойнихэн (Brian Moynihan) говорил, что кибербезопасность является единственной областью, в которой у компании нет ограничений на бюджет.

По данным издания Infosecurity Magazine, финансовые организации в 300 раз чаще сталкиваются с ИБ-инцидентами по сравнению с другими компаниями.

По прогнозам аналитиков Juniper Research, повсеместное развитие технологий приведет к увеличению утечек данных: ущерб от них достигнет $2,1 трлн к 2019 году, что в четыре раза больше показателя 2015 года.^[5]

Примечания