Red 670 руководство по эксплуатации

• Contents

• Table of Contents

• Bookmarks

Summary of Contents for ABB RED670

This manual is also suitable for:

Rel670

Relion 670 series

Line differential protection RED670 ANSI Technical reference manual

Document ID: 1MRK505222-UUS Issued: February 2015

Revision: C Product version: 1.2

Copyright 2012 ABB. All rights reserved

Copyright This document and parts thereof must not be reproduced or copied without written permission from ABB, and the contents thereof must not be imparted to a third party, nor used for any unauthorized purpose.

The software and hardware described in this document is furnished under a license and may be used or disclosed only in accordance with the terms of such license.

Trademarks ABB and Relion are registered trademarks of the ABB Group. All other brand or product names mentioned in this document may be trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective holders.

Warranty Please inquire about the terms of warranty from your nearest ABB representative.

ABB Inc.

1021 Main Campus Drive

Raleigh, NC 27606, USA

Toll Free: 1-800-HELP-365, menu option #8

ABB Inc.

3450 Harvester Road

Burlington, ON L7N 3W5, Canada

Toll Free: 1-800-HELP-365, menu option #8

ABB Mexico S.A. de C.V.

Paseo de las Americas No. 31 Lomas Verdes 3a secc.

53125, Naucalpan, Estado De Mexico, MEXICO

Phone: (+1) 440-585-7804, menu option #8

Disclaimer The data, examples and diagrams in this manual are included solely for the concept or product description and are not to be deemed as a statement of guaranteed properties. All persons responsible for applying the equipment addressed in this manual must satisfy themselves that each intended application is suitable and acceptable, including that any applicable safety or other operational requirements are complied with. In particular, any risks in applications where a system failure and/or product failure would create a risk for harm to property or persons (including but not limited to personal injuries or death) shall be the sole responsibility of the person or entity applying the equipment, and those so responsible are hereby requested to ensure that all measures are taken to exclude or mitigate such risks.

This document has been carefully checked by ABB but deviations cannot be completely ruled out. In case any errors are detected, the reader is kindly requested to notify the manufacturer. Other than under explicit contractual commitments, in no event shall ABB be responsible or liable for any loss or damage resulting from the use of this manual or the application of the equipment.

Conformity This product complies with the directive of the Council of the European Communities on the approximation of the laws of the Member States relating to electromagnetic compatibility (EMC Directive 2004/108/EC) and concerning electrical equipment for use within specified voltage limits (Low-voltage directive 2006/95/EC). This conformity is the result of tests conducted by ABB in accordance with the product standards EN 50263 and EN 60255-26 for the EMC directive, and with the product standards EN 60255-1 and EN 60255-27 for the low voltage directive. The product is designed in accordance with the international standards of the IEC 60255 series and ANSI C37.90.

Table of contents

Section 1 Introduction………………………………………………………………..35 Introduction to the technical reference manual…………………………………35

About the complete set of manuals for an IED…………………………….35 About the technical reference manual………………………………………..36 This manual……………………………………………………………………………37

Introduction………………………………………………………………………..37 Principle of operation…………………………………………………………..37 Input and output signals………………………………………………………41 Function block……………………………………………………………………41 Setting parameters……………………………………………………………..42 Technical data……………………………………………………………………42

Intended audience…………………………………………………………………..42 Related documents………………………………………………………………….42 Revision notes………………………………………………………………………..43

Section 2 Analog inputs……………………………………………………………..45 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………………45 Operation principle……………………………………………………………………….45 Function block……………………………………………………………………………..46 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………………47

Section 3 Local HMI………………………………………………………………….55 Human machine interface …………………………………………………………….55 Medium size graphic HMI……………………………………………………………..56

Medium………………………………………………………………………………….56 Design……………………………………………………………………………………56

Keypad……………………………………………………………………………………….58 LED……………………………………………………………………………………………59

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….59 Status indication LEDs…………………………………………………………….59 Indication LEDs………………………………………………………………………60

Local HMI related functions…………………………………………………………..61 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….61 General setting parameters………………………………………………………61 Status LEDs……………………………………………………………………………61

Design………………………………………………………………………………61

Table of contents

1 Technical reference manual

Function block……………………………………………………………………62 Input and output signals………………………………………………………62

Indication LEDs………………………………………………………………………62 Introduction………………………………………………………………………..62 Design………………………………………………………………………………63 Function block……………………………………………………………………71 Input and output signals………………………………………………………71 Setting parameters……………………………………………………………..72

Section 4 Basic IED functions…………………………………………………….75 Authorization……………………………………………………………………………….75

Principle of operation……………………………………………………………….75 Authorization handling in the IED………………………………………….77

Self supervision with internal event list……………………………………………78 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….78 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………….78

Internal signals…………………………………………………………………..80 Run-time model………………………………………………………………….82

Function block………………………………………………………………………..83 Output signals…………………………………………………………………………83 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………….83 Technical data………………………………………………………………………..83

Time synchronization……………………………………………………………………84 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….84 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………….84

General concepts……………………………………………………………….84 Real-time clock (RTC) operation…………………………………………..87 Synchronization alternatives…………………………………………………88 Process bus IEC 61850-9-2LE synchronization………………………91

Function block………………………………………………………………………..91 Output signals…………………………………………………………………………92 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………….92 Technical data………………………………………………………………………..95

Parameter setting groups……………………………………………………………..95 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….95 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………….95 Function block………………………………………………………………………..96 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………..97 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………….97

ChangeLock function CHNGLCK…………………………………………………..98

Table of contents

2 Technical reference manual

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….98 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………….98 Function block………………………………………………………………………..99 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………..99 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………….99

Test mode functionality TEST………………………………………………………..99 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………….99 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..100 Function block………………………………………………………………………102 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………102 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..102

IED identifiers……………………………………………………………………………103 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..103 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..103

Product information…………………………………………………………………….103 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..103 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..104 Factory defined settings…………………………………………………………104

Signal matrix for binary inputs SMBI……………………………………………..104 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..104 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..105 Function block………………………………………………………………………105 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………105

Signal matrix for binary outputs SMBO …………………………………………106 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..106 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..106 Function block………………………………………………………………………107 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………107

Signal matrix for mA inputs SMMI………………………………………………..107 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..107 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..108 Function block………………………………………………………………………108 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………108

Signal matrix for analog inputs SMAI…………………………………………….109 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..109 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..109 Frequency values………………………………………………………………….109 Function block………………………………………………………………………111 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………111 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..112

Table of contents

3 Technical reference manual

Summation block 3 phase 3PHSUM…………………………………………….114 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..114 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..114 Function block………………………………………………………………………115 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………115 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..115

Authority status ATHSTAT…………………………………………………………..116 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..116 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..116 Function block………………………………………………………………………117 Output signals……………………………………………………………………….117 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..117

Denial of service DOS………………………………………………………………..117 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..117 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..117 Function blocks……………………………………………………………………..118 Signals…………………………………………………………………………………118 Settings………………………………………………………………………………..119

Section 5 Differential protection………………………………………………..121 Line differential protection……………………………………………………………121

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..122 Line differential protection, 3 or 6 CT sets L3CPDIF, L6CPDIF………………………………………………………………………….122 Line differential protection 3 or 6 CT sets, with in-zone transformers LT3CPDIF, LT6CPDIF……………………………………124 Analog signal transfer for line differential protection……………….124

Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..126 Algorithm and logic……………………………………………………………126 Time synchronization…………………………………………………………134 Analog signal communication for line differential protection…….135 Open CT detection feature…………………………………………………138 Binary signal transfer…………………………………………………………140 Line differential coordination function LDLPDIF (87L)…………….140

Function block………………………………………………………………………141 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………145 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..150 Technical data………………………………………………………………………160

1Ph High impedance differential protection HZPDIF (87)…………………161 Identification…………………………………………………………………………161

Table of contents

4 Technical reference manual

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..161 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..162

Logic diagram…………………………………………………………………..162 Function block………………………………………………………………………163 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………163 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..163 Technical data………………………………………………………………………164

Additional security logic for differential protection STSGGIO (11)……..164 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..164 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..165 Function block………………………………………………………………………170 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………170 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..171 Technical data………………………………………………………………………172

Section 6 Impedance protection ……………………………………………….173 Distance measuring zones, quadrilateral characteristic ZMQPDIS (21), ZMQAPDIS (21), ZDRDIR (21D)…………………………………………..173

Identification…………………………………………………………………………173 Introduction(21)…………………………………………………………………….173 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..174

Full scheme measurement…………………………………………………174 Impedance characteristic……………………………………………………175 Minimum operating current…………………………………………………179 Measuring principles………………………………………………………….180 Directional impedance element for quadrilateral characteristics…………………………………………………………………..182 Simplified logic diagrams……………………………………………………185

Function block………………………………………………………………………189 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………190 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..192 Technical data………………………………………………………………………194

Distance measuring zone, quadrilateral characteristic for series compensated lines ZMCPDIS (21), ZMCAPDIS (21), ZDSRDIR (21D)………………………………………………………………………………………..195

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..195 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..196

Full scheme measurement…………………………………………………196 Impedance characteristic……………………………………………………197 Minimum operating current…………………………………………………201 Measuring principles………………………………………………………….202

Table of contents

5 Technical reference manual

Directionality for series compensation………………………………….204 Simplified logic diagrams……………………………………………………207

Function block………………………………………………………………………211 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………212 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..214 Technical data………………………………………………………………………218

Phase selection, quadrilateral characteristic with fixed angle FDPSPDIS (21)…………………………………………………………………………218

Identification…………………………………………………………………………218 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..218 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..219

Phase-to-ground fault………………………………………………………..221 Phase-to-phase fault…………………………………………………………223 Three-phase faults…………………………………………………………….225 Load encroachment…………………………………………………………..225 Minimum operate currents………………………………………………….230 Simplified logic diagrams……………………………………………………231

Function block………………………………………………………………………236 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………236 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..237 Technical data………………………………………………………………………239

Full-scheme distance measuring, Mho characteristic ZMHPDIS (21)………………………………………………………………………………………….239

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..239 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..241

Full scheme measurement…………………………………………………241 Impedance characteristic……………………………………………………241 Basic operation characteristics……………………………………………242 Theory of operation…………………………………………………………..244 Simplified logic diagrams……………………………………………………254

Function block………………………………………………………………………257 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………258 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..259 Technical data………………………………………………………………………260

Full-scheme distance protection, quadrilateral for earth faults ZMMPDIS (21), ZMMAPDIS (21)…………………………………………………261

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..261 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..262

Full scheme measurement…………………………………………………262 Impedance characteristic……………………………………………………263

Table of contents

6 Technical reference manual

Minimum operating current…………………………………………………265 Measuring principles………………………………………………………….266 Directional lines………………………………………………………………..268 Simplified logic diagrams……………………………………………………270

Function block………………………………………………………………………273 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………273 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..275 Technical data………………………………………………………………………276

Directional impedance element for mho characteristic and additional distance protection directional function for earth faults ZDMRDIR (21D), ZDARDIR………………………………………………………..276

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..277 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..277

Directional impedance element for mho characteristic ZDMRDIR (21D)……………………………………………………………….277 Additional distance protection directional function for ground faults ZDARDIR………………………………………………………………..280

Function block………………………………………………………………………282 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………283 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..284

Mho impedance supervision logic ZSMGAPC………………………………..285 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..285 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..285

Fault inception detection…………………………………………………….285 Function block………………………………………………………………………287 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………287 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..288

Faulty phase identification with load encroachment FMPSPDIS (21)………………………………………………………………………………………….288

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..288 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..289

The phase selection function………………………………………………289 Function block………………………………………………………………………301 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………302 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..302 Technical data………………………………………………………………………303

Distance protection zone, quadrilateral characteristic, separate settings ZMRPDIS (21), ZMRAPDIS (21) and ZDRDIR (21D)………….303

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..304 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..305

Full scheme measurement…………………………………………………305

Table of contents

7 Technical reference manual

Impedance characteristic……………………………………………………306 Minimum operating current…………………………………………………310 Measuring principles………………………………………………………….310 Directional impedance element for quadrilateral characteristics…………………………………………………………………..313 Simplified logic diagrams……………………………………………………316

Function block………………………………………………………………………320 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………321 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..323 Technical data………………………………………………………………………325

Phase selection, quadrilateral characteristic with settable angle FRPSPDIS (21)…………………………………………………………………………326

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..326 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..326

Phase-to-ground fault………………………………………………………..329 Phase-to-phase fault…………………………………………………………331 Three-phase faults…………………………………………………………….332 Load encroachment…………………………………………………………..333 Minimum operate currents………………………………………………….338 Simplified logic diagrams……………………………………………………339

Function block………………………………………………………………………344 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………344 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..345 Technical data………………………………………………………………………346

Power swing detection ZMRPSB (68)…………………………………………..347 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..347 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..347

Resistive reach in forward direction……………………………………..349 Resistive reach in reverse direction……………………………………..349 Reactive reach in forward and reverse direction……………………350 Basic detection logic………………………………………………………….350 Operating and inhibit conditions………………………………………….352

Function block………………………………………………………………………353 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………354 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..354 Technical data………………………………………………………………………355

Power swing logic ZMRPSL ……………………………………………………….356 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..356 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..356

Communication and tripping logic……………………………………….356

Table of contents

8 Technical reference manual

Blocking logic……………………………………………………………………358 Function block………………………………………………………………………359 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………359 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..360

Pole slip protection PSPPPAM (78)………………………………………………360 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..360 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..361 Function block………………………………………………………………………366 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………366 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..367 Technical data………………………………………………………………………368

Automatic switch onto fault logic, voltage and current based ZCVPSOF ………………………………………………………………………………..368

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..368 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..369 Function block………………………………………………………………………371 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………371 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..371 Technical data………………………………………………………………………372

Phase preference logic PPLPHIZ…………………………………………………372 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..372 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..373 Function block………………………………………………………………………375 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………376 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..376

Section 7 Current protection……………………………………………………..379 Instantaneous phase overcurrent protection 3-phase output PHPIOC (50)……………………………………………………………………………..379

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..379 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..379 Function block………………………………………………………………………380 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………380 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..381 Technical data………………………………………………………………………381

Four step phase overcurrent protection OC4PTOC (51/67)……………..381 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..382 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..382 Function block………………………………………………………………………388 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………388

Table of contents

9 Technical reference manual

Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..390 Technical data………………………………………………………………………396

Instantaneous residual overcurrent protection EFPIOC (50N)………….396 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..397 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..397 Function block………………………………………………………………………397 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………398 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..398 Technical data………………………………………………………………………398

Four step residual overcurrent protection, zero, negative sequence direction EF4PTOC (51N/67N)…………………………………………………….399

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..399 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..400

Operating quantity within the function………………………………….400 Internal polarizing……………………………………………………………..401 External polarizing for ground-fault function………………………….403 Base quantities within the protection……………………………………404 Internal ground-fault protection structure………………………………404 Four residual overcurrent steps…………………………………………..404 Directional supervision element with integrated directional comparison function………………………………………………………….405 Second harmonic blocking element……………………………………..408 Switch on to fault feature……………………………………………………410

Function block………………………………………………………………………413 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………414 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..415 Technical data………………………………………………………………………420

Four step directional negative phase sequence overcurrent protection NS4PTOC (46I2)…………………………………………………………421

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..421 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..422

Operating quantity within the function………………………………….422 Internal polarizing facility of the function……………………………….423 External polarizing for negative sequence function………………..424 Base quantities within the function………………………………………424 Internal negative sequence protection structure…………………….424 Four negative sequence overcurrent stages…………………………424 Directional supervision element with integrated directional comparison function………………………………………………………….426

Function block………………………………………………………………………429

Table of contents

10 Technical reference manual

Input and output signals…………………………………………………………429 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..430 Technical data………………………………………………………………………435

Sensitive directional residual overcurrent and power protection SDEPSDE (67N)………………………………………………………………………..436

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..436 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..438

Function inputs…………………………………………………………………438 Function block………………………………………………………………………445 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………445 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..446 Technical data………………………………………………………………………448

Thermal overload protection, one time constant LPTTR………………….449 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..449 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..450 Function block………………………………………………………………………454 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………454 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..455 Technical data………………………………………………………………………456

Breaker failure protection CCRBRF (50BF)……………………………………456 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..457 Operation principle………………………………………………………………..457 Function block………………………………………………………………………460 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………460 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..461 Technical data………………………………………………………………………461

Stub protection STBPTOC (50STB)……………………………………………..462 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..462 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..462 Function block………………………………………………………………………463 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………464 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..464 Technical data………………………………………………………………………465

Pole discrepancy protection CCRPLD (52PD)……………………………….465 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..465 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..466

Pole discrepancy signaling from circuit breaker…………………….468 Unsymmetrical current detection…………………………………………468

Function block………………………………………………………………………469 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………469

Table of contents

11 Technical reference manual

Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..470 Technical data………………………………………………………………………470

Directional underpower protection GUPPDUP (37)…………………………470 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..471 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..472

Low pass filtering………………………………………………………………474 Calibration of analog inputs………………………………………………..474

Function block………………………………………………………………………476 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………476 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..477 Technical data………………………………………………………………………478

Directional overpower protection GOPPDOP (32)…………………………..478 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..478 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..479

Low pass filtering………………………………………………………………482 Calibration of analog inputs………………………………………………..482

Function block………………………………………………………………………484 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………484 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..485 Technical data………………………………………………………………………486

Broken conductor check BRCPTOC (46)………………………………………486 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..486 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..487 Function block………………………………………………………………………488 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………488 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..489 Technical data………………………………………………………………………489

Section 8 Voltage protection…………………………………………………….491 Two step undervoltage protection UV2PTUV (27)…………………………..491

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..491 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..491

Measurement principle………………………………………………………492 Time delay……………………………………………………………………….492 Blocking…………………………………………………………………………..498 Design…………………………………………………………………………….499

Function block………………………………………………………………………501 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………501 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..502 Technical data………………………………………………………………………504

Table of contents

12 Technical reference manual

Two step overvoltage protection OV2PTOV (59)……………………………505 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..505 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..505

Measurement principle………………………………………………………506 Time delay……………………………………………………………………….507 Blocking…………………………………………………………………………..512 Design…………………………………………………………………………….512

Function block………………………………………………………………………514 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………514 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..515 Technical data………………………………………………………………………517

Two step residual overvoltage protection ROV2PTOV (59N)……………518 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..518 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..518

Measurement principle………………………………………………………519 Time delay……………………………………………………………………….519 Blocking…………………………………………………………………………..524 Design…………………………………………………………………………….524

Function block………………………………………………………………………525 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………526 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..526 Technical data………………………………………………………………………528

Overexcitation protection OEXPVPH (24)……………………………………..529 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..529 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..529

Measured voltage……………………………………………………………..532 Operate time of the overexcitation protection………………………..533 Cooling……………………………………………………………………………537 Overexcitation protection function measurands…………………….537 Overexcitation alarm………………………………………………………….538 Logic diagram…………………………………………………………………..539

Function block………………………………………………………………………539 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………540 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..540 Technical data………………………………………………………………………541

Voltage differential protection VDCPTOV (60)……………………………….542 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..542 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..542 Function block………………………………………………………………………544 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………544

Table of contents

13 Technical reference manual

Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..545 Technical data………………………………………………………………………545

Loss of voltage check LOVPTUV (27)…………………………………………..546 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..546 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..546 Function block………………………………………………………………………547 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………548 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..548 Technical data………………………………………………………………………549

Section 9 Frequency protection…………………………………………………551 Underfrequency protection SAPTUF (81)………………………………………551

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..551 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..551

Measurement principle………………………………………………………552 Time delay……………………………………………………………………….552 Voltage dependent time delay…………………………………………….553 Blocking…………………………………………………………………………..554 Design…………………………………………………………………………….554

Function block………………………………………………………………………555 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………555 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..556 Technical data………………………………………………………………………557

Overfrequency protection SAPTOF (81)………………………………………..557 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..558 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..558

Measurement principle………………………………………………………558 Time delay……………………………………………………………………….558 Blocking…………………………………………………………………………..559 Design…………………………………………………………………………….559

Function block………………………………………………………………………560 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………560 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..561 Technical data………………………………………………………………………561

Rate-of-change frequency protection SAPFRC (81)……………………….561 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..562 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..562

Measurement principle………………………………………………………562 Time delay……………………………………………………………………….563 Blocking…………………………………………………………………………..563

Table of contents

14 Technical reference manual

Design…………………………………………………………………………….563 Function block………………………………………………………………………565 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………565 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..565 Technical data………………………………………………………………………566

Section 10 Multipurpose protection……………………………………………..567 General current and voltage protection CVGAPC…………………………..567

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..567 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..567

Measured quantities within CVGAPC…………………………………..567 Base quantities for CVGAPC function………………………………….570 Built-in overcurrent protection steps…………………………………….570 Built-in undercurrent protection steps…………………………………..576 Built-in overvoltage protection steps…………………………………….577 Built-in undervoltage protection steps………………………………….577 Logic diagram…………………………………………………………………..577

Function block………………………………………………………………………583 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………584 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..585 Technical data………………………………………………………………………593

Section 11 Secondary system supervision……………………………………597 Current circuit supervision CCSRDIF (87)……………………………………..597

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..597 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..597 Function block………………………………………………………………………599 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………599 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..600 Technical data………………………………………………………………………600

Fuse failure supervision SDDRFUF………………………………………………600 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..601 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..601

Zero and negative sequence detection………………………………..601 Delta current and delta voltage detection……………………………..605 Dead line detection……………………………………………………………607 Main logic………………………………………………………………………..607

Function block………………………………………………………………………611 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………611 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..612 Technical data………………………………………………………………………613

Table of contents

15 Technical reference manual

Section 12 Control…………………………………………………………………….615 Synchronism check, energizing check, and synchronizing SESRSYN (25)………………………………………………………………………….615

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..615 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..616

Basic functionality……………………………………………………………..616 Logic diagrams…………………………………………………………………616

Function block………………………………………………………………………626 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………627 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..629 Technical data………………………………………………………………………632

Autorecloser SMBRREC (79)………………………………………………………633 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..633 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..633

Logic Diagrams…………………………………………………………………633 Auto-reclosing operation Disabled and Enabled……………………634 Auto-reclosing mode selection……………………………………………634 Initiate auto-reclosing and conditions for initiation of a reclosing cycle………………………………………………………………….634 Control of the auto-reclosing open time for shot 1………………….636 Long trip signal…………………………………………………………………637 Time sequence diagrams…………………………………………………..643

Function block………………………………………………………………………648 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………648 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..650 Technical data………………………………………………………………………652

Apparatus control APC……………………………………………………………….652 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..652 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..653 Error handling……………………………………………………………………….653 Bay control QCBAY……………………………………………………………….655

Introduction………………………………………………………………………655 Principle of operation…………………………………………………………655 Function block………………………………………………………………….657 Input and output signals…………………………………………………….657 Setting parameters……………………………………………………………658

Local/Remote switch LOCREM, LOCREMCTRL……………………….658 Introduction………………………………………………………………………658 Principle of operation…………………………………………………………658

Table of contents

16 Technical reference manual

Function block………………………………………………………………….660 Input and output signals…………………………………………………….660 Setting parameters……………………………………………………………661

Switch controller SCSWI…………………………………………………………662 Introduction………………………………………………………………………662 Principle of operation…………………………………………………………662 Function block………………………………………………………………….667 Input and output signals…………………………………………………….667 Setting parameters……………………………………………………………669

Circuit breaker SXCBR…………………………………………………………..669 Introduction………………………………………………………………………669 Principle of operation…………………………………………………………670 Function block………………………………………………………………….674 Input and output signals…………………………………………………….674 Setting parameters……………………………………………………………675

Circuit switch SXSWI……………………………………………………………..675 Introduction………………………………………………………………………675 Principle of operation…………………………………………………………676 Function block………………………………………………………………….680 Input and output signals…………………………………………………….680 Setting parameters……………………………………………………………681

Bay reserve QCRSV………………………………………………………………681 Introduction………………………………………………………………………681 Principle of operation…………………………………………………………682 Function block………………………………………………………………….684 Input and output signals…………………………………………………….685 Setting parameters……………………………………………………………686

Reservation input RESIN………………………………………………………..686 Introduction………………………………………………………………………686 Principle of operation…………………………………………………………686 Function block………………………………………………………………….688 Input and output signals…………………………………………………….689 Setting parameters……………………………………………………………690

Interlocking (3)…………………………………………………………………………..690 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..690 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..691 Logical node for interlocking SCILO (3)…………………………………….694

Introduction………………………………………………………………………694 Logic diagram…………………………………………………………………..695 Function block………………………………………………………………….695

Table of contents

17 Technical reference manual

Input and output signals…………………………………………………….695 Interlocking for busbar grounding switch BB_ES (3)…………………..696

Introduction………………………………………………………………………696 Function block………………………………………………………………….696 Logic diagram…………………………………………………………………..697 Input and output signals…………………………………………………….697

Interlocking for bus-section breaker A1A2_BS (3)………………………697 Introduction………………………………………………………………………697 Function block………………………………………………………………….698 Logic diagram…………………………………………………………………..699 Input and output signals…………………………………………………….700

Interlocking for bus-section disconnector A1A2_DC (3)………………702 Introduction………………………………………………………………………702 Function block………………………………………………………………….702 Logic diagram…………………………………………………………………..703 Input and output signals…………………………………………………….704

Interlocking for bus-coupler bay ABC_BC (3)…………………………….704 Introduction………………………………………………………………………705 Function block………………………………………………………………….706 Logic diagram…………………………………………………………………..707 Input and output signals…………………………………………………….709

Interlocking for breaker-and-a-half diameter BH (3)……………………712 Introduction………………………………………………………………………712 Function blocks…………………………………………………………………714 Logic diagrams…………………………………………………………………716 Input and output signals…………………………………………………….721

Interlocking for double CB bay DB (3)………………………………………725 Introduction………………………………………………………………………726 Function block………………………………………………………………….727 Logic diagrams…………………………………………………………………729 Input and output signals ……………………………………………………732

Interlocking for line bay ABC_LINE (3)……………………………………..736 Introduction………………………………………………………………………736 Function block………………………………………………………………….738 Logic diagram…………………………………………………………………..739 Input and output signals…………………………………………………….744

Interlocking for transformer bay AB_TRAFO (3)…………………………747 Introduction………………………………………………………………………747 Function block………………………………………………………………….748 Logic diagram…………………………………………………………………..749

Table of contents

18 Technical reference manual

Input and output signals…………………………………………………….751 Position evaluation POS_EVAL……………………………………………….753

Introduction………………………………………………………………………753 Logic diagram…………………………………………………………………..753 Function block………………………………………………………………….753 Input and output signals…………………………………………………….753

Logic rotating switch for function selection and LHMI presentation SLGGIO……………………………………………………………………………………754

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..754 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..754

Functionality and behaviour ……………………………………………….756 Graphical display………………………………………………………………756

Function block………………………………………………………………………758 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………758 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..760

Selector mini switch VSGGIO………………………………………………………760 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..760 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..760 Function block………………………………………………………………………761 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………762 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..762

IEC61850 generic communication I/O functions DPGGIO……………….762 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..763 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..763 Function block………………………………………………………………………763 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………763 Settings………………………………………………………………………………..764

Single point generic control 8 signals SPC8GGIO………………………….764 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..764 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..764 Function block………………………………………………………………………765 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………765 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..766

AutomationBits, command function for DNP3.0 AUTOBITS…………….766 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..767 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..767 Function block………………………………………………………………………768 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………768 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..769

Single command, 16 signals SINGLECMD……………………………………785

Table of contents

19 Technical reference manual

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..785 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..785 Function block………………………………………………………………………786 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………786 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..787

Section 13 Scheme communication…………………………………………….789 Scheme communication logic for distance or overcurrent protection ZCPSCH(85)………………………………………………………………789

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..789 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..790

Blocking scheme………………………………………………………………790 Permissive underreaching scheme……………………………………..790 Permissive overreaching scheme………………………………………..791 Unblocking scheme…………………………………………………………..791 Intertrip scheme………………………………………………………………..792 Simplified logic diagram……………………………………………………..792

Function block………………………………………………………………………794 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………794 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..795 Technical data………………………………………………………………………795

Phase segregated scheme communication logic for distance protection ZC1PPSCH (85)…………………………………………………………796

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..796 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..796

Blocking scheme………………………………………………………………797 Permissive underreach scheme………………………………………….798 Permissive overreach scheme……………………………………………798 Unblocking scheme…………………………………………………………..798 Intertrip scheme………………………………………………………………..799 Simplified logic diagram……………………………………………………..799

Function block………………………………………………………………………801 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………801 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..803 Technical data………………………………………………………………………803

Current reversal and WEI logic for distance protection 3-phase ZCRWPSCH (85)……………………………………………………………………….803

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..804 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..804

Current reversal logic………………………………………………………..804 Weak-end infeed logic……………………………………………………….805

Table of contents

20 Technical reference manual

Function block………………………………………………………………………806 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………806 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..807 Technical data………………………………………………………………………808

Local acceleration logic ZCLCPLAL……………………………………………..808 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..808 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..808

Zone extension…………………………………………………………………808 Loss-of-Load acceleration………………………………………………….809

Function block………………………………………………………………………810 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………810 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..811

Scheme communication logic for residual overcurrent protection ECPSCH (85)……………………………………………………………………………811

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..811 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..812

Blocking scheme………………………………………………………………812 Permissive under/overreaching scheme………………………………813 Unblocking scheme…………………………………………………………..815

Function block………………………………………………………………………816 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………816 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..817 Technical data………………………………………………………………………817

Current reversal and weak-end infeed logic for residual overcurrent protection ECRWPSCH (85)………………………………………817

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..818 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..818

Directional comparison logic function…………………………………..818 Fault current reversal logic…………………………………………………819 Weak-end infeed logic……………………………………………………….819

Function block………………………………………………………………………821 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………821 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..822 Technical data………………………………………………………………………822

Current reversal and weak-end infeed logic for phase segregated communication ZC1WPSCH (85)…………………………………………………822

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..823 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..823

Current reversal logic ……………………………………………………….823 Function block………………………………………………………………………825

Table of contents

21 Technical reference manual

Input and output signals…………………………………………………………826 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..827 Technical data………………………………………………………………………827

Direct transfer trip logic……………………………………………………………….828 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..828 Low active power and power factor protection LAPPGAPC (37_55)…………………………………………………………………………………829

Introduction………………………………………………………………………830 Principle of operation…………………………………………………………830 Function block………………………………………………………………….832 Input and output signals…………………………………………………….832 Setting parameters……………………………………………………………833 Technical data………………………………………………………………….834

Compensated over and undervoltage protection COUVGAPC (59_27)…………………………………………………………………………………834

Introduction………………………………………………………………………834 Principle of operation…………………………………………………………835 Function block………………………………………………………………….837 Input and output signals…………………………………………………….837 Setting parameters……………………………………………………………838 Technical data………………………………………………………………….839

Sudden change in current variation SCCVPTOC (51)………………..839 Introduction………………………………………………………………………840 Principle of operation…………………………………………………………840 Function block………………………………………………………………….841 Input and output signals…………………………………………………….841 Setting parameters……………………………………………………………841 Technical data………………………………………………………………….842

Carrier receive logic LCCRPTRC (94)………………………………………842 Introduction………………………………………………………………………842 Principle of operation…………………………………………………………842 Function block………………………………………………………………….843 Input and output signals…………………………………………………….843 Setting parameters……………………………………………………………844 Technical data………………………………………………………………….844

Negative sequence overvoltage protection LCNSPTOV (47)……….844 Introduction………………………………………………………………………844 Principle of operation…………………………………………………………845 Function block………………………………………………………………….845 Input and output signals…………………………………………………….845

Table of contents

22 Technical reference manual

Setting parameters……………………………………………………………846 Technical data………………………………………………………………….846

Zero sequence overvoltage protection LCZSPTOV (59N)…………..846 Introduction………………………………………………………………………846 Principle of operation…………………………………………………………847 Function block………………………………………………………………….847 Input and output signals…………………………………………………….847 Setting parameters……………………………………………………………848 Technical data………………………………………………………………….848

Negative sequence overcurrent protection LCNSPTOC (46)……….848 Introduction………………………………………………………………………848 Principle of operation…………………………………………………………849 Function block………………………………………………………………….849 Input and output signals…………………………………………………….849 Setting parameters……………………………………………………………850 Technical data………………………………………………………………….850

Zero sequence overcurrent protection LCZSPTOC (51N)…………..850 Introduction………………………………………………………………………851 Principle of operation…………………………………………………………851 Function block………………………………………………………………….851 Input and output signals…………………………………………………….851 Setting parameters……………………………………………………………852 Technical data………………………………………………………………….852

Three phase overcurrent LCP3PTOC (51)………………………………..852 Introduction………………………………………………………………………852 Principle of operation…………………………………………………………853 Function block………………………………………………………………….853 Input and output signals…………………………………………………….853 Setting parameters……………………………………………………………854 Technical data………………………………………………………………….854

Three phase undercurrent LCP3PTUC (37)………………………………855 Introduction………………………………………………………………………855 Principle of operation…………………………………………………………855 Function block………………………………………………………………….855 Input and output signals…………………………………………………….856 Setting parameters……………………………………………………………856 Technical data………………………………………………………………….857

Section 14 Logic……………………………………………………………………….859 Tripping logic SMPPTRC (94)……………………………………………………..859

Table of contents

23 Technical reference manual

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..859 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..859

Logic diagram…………………………………………………………………..861 Function block………………………………………………………………………865 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………866 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..867 Technical data………………………………………………………………………867

Trip matrix logic TMAGGIO…………………………………………………………867 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..868 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..868 Function block………………………………………………………………………870 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………870 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..871

Configurable logic blocks…………………………………………………………….872 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..872 Inverter function block INV……………………………………………………..873 OR function block OR…………………………………………………………….873 AND function block AND………………………………………………………..874 Timer function block TIMER……………………………………………………874 Pulse timer function block PULSETIMER………………………………….875 Exclusive OR function block XOR……………………………………………876 Loop delay function block LOOPDELAY…………………………………..876 Set-reset with memory function block SRMEMORY…………………..877 Reset-set with memory function block RSMEMORY…………………..878 Controllable gate function block GATE……………………………………..879 Settable timer function block TIMERSET………………………………….880 Technical data………………………………………………………………………880

Fixed signal function block FXDSIGN……………………………………………881 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..881 Function block………………………………………………………………………882 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………882 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..882

Boolean 16 to Integer conversion B16I………………………………………….883 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..883 Operation principle………………………………………………………………..883 Function block………………………………………………………………………884 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………884 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..885

Boolean 16 to Integer conversion with logic node representation B16IFCVI………………………………………………………………………………….885

Table of contents

24 Technical reference manual

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..885 Operation principle………………………………………………………………..886 Function block………………………………………………………………………887 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………887 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..888

Integer to Boolean 16 conversion IB16………………………………………….888 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..888 Operation principle………………………………………………………………..888 Function block………………………………………………………………………890 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………890 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..891

Integer to Boolean 16 conversion with logic node representation IB16FCVB…………………………………………………………………………………891

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..891 Operation principle………………………………………………………………..891 Function block………………………………………………………………………893 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………893 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..894

Section 15 Monitoring………………………………………………………………..895 Measurements…………………………………………………………………………..895

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..896 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..897

Measurement supervision………………………………………………….897 Measurements CVMMXN…………………………………………………..901 Phase current measurement CMMXU………………………………….906 Phase-phase and phase-neutral voltage measurements VMMXU, VNMMXU…………………………………………………………..907 Voltage and current sequence measurements VMSQI, CMSQI…………………………………………………………………………….907

Function block………………………………………………………………………907 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………909 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..913 Technical data………………………………………………………………………926

Event counter CNTGGIO…………………………………………………………….928 Identification…………………………………………………………………………928 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..928 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..929

Reporting…………………………………………………………………………929 Design…………………………………………………………………………….929

Function block………………………………………………………………………930

Table of contents

25 Technical reference manual

Input signals…………………………………………………………………………930 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..931 Technical data………………………………………………………………………931

Event function EVENT………………………………………………………………..931 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..931 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..931 Function block………………………………………………………………………933 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………933 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..934

Logical signal status report BINSTATREP…………………………………….936 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..936 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..937 Function block………………………………………………………………………937 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………938 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..939

Fault locator LMBRFLO………………………………………………………………939 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..939 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..940

Measuring Principle…………………………………………………………..940 Accurate algorithm for measurement of distance to fault………..941 The non-compensated impedance model…………………………….945 IEC 60870-5-103………………………………………………………………945

Function block………………………………………………………………………945 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………946 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..946 Technical data………………………………………………………………………947

Measured value expander block RANGE_XP………………………………..947 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..948 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..948 Function block………………………………………………………………………948 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………949

Disturbance report DRPRDRE…………………………………………………….949 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..949 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..950 Function block………………………………………………………………………958 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………959 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..961 Technical data………………………………………………………………………971

Sequential of events…………………………………………………………………..971 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..971

Table of contents

26 Technical reference manual

Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..971 Function block………………………………………………………………………972 Input signals…………………………………………………………………………972 Technical data………………………………………………………………………972

Indications…………………………………………………………………………………973 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..973 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..973 Function block………………………………………………………………………974 Input signals…………………………………………………………………………974 Technical data………………………………………………………………………974

Event recorder ………………………………………………………………………….974 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..974 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..975 Function block………………………………………………………………………975 Input signals…………………………………………………………………………975 Technical data………………………………………………………………………976

Trip value recorder……………………………………………………………………..976 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..976 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..976 Function block………………………………………………………………………977 Input signals…………………………………………………………………………977 Technical data………………………………………………………………………977

Disturbance recorder………………………………………………………………….977 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..977 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..978

Memory and storage………………………………………………………….979 IEC 60870-5-103………………………………………………………………980

Function block………………………………………………………………………981 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………981 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..981 Technical data………………………………………………………………………981

Section 16 Metering………………………………………………………………….983 Pulse-counter logic PCGGIO……………………………………………………….983

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..983 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..983 Function block………………………………………………………………………986 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………986 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..987 Technical data………………………………………………………………………987

Table of contents

27 Technical reference manual

Function for energy calculation and demand handling ETPMMTR……987 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..988 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………..988 Function block………………………………………………………………………989 Input and output signals…………………………………………………………989 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..990

Section 17 Station communication………………………………………………993 Overview…………………………………………………………………………………..993 IEC 61850-8-1 communication protocol………………………………………..993

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………..993 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………..994 Technical data………………………………………………………………………994 IEC 61850 generic communication I/O functions SPGGIO, SP16GGIO……………………………………………………………………………994

Introduction………………………………………………………………………994 Principle of operation…………………………………………………………994 Function block………………………………………………………………….995 Input and output signals…………………………………………………….995 Setting parameters……………………………………………………………996

IEC 61850 generic communication I/O functions MVGGIO………….996 Principle of operation…………………………………………………………996 Function block………………………………………………………………….996 Input and output signals…………………………………………………….997 Setting parameters……………………………………………………………997

IEC 61850-8-1 redundant station bus communication………………..997 Introduction………………………………………………………………………998 Principle of operation…………………………………………………………998 Function block………………………………………………………………..1000 Output signals…………………………………………………………………1000 Setting parameters………………………………………………………….1000

IEC 61850-9-2LE communication protocol…………………………………..1000 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………1000 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………1000 Consequence on accuracy for power measurement functions when using signals from IEC 61850-9-2LE communication……….1004 Function block…………………………………………………………………….1005 Output signals……………………………………………………………………..1005 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………1006 Technical data…………………………………………………………………….1006

Table of contents

28 Technical reference manual

LON communication protocol…………………………………………………….1006 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………1006 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………1007 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………1026 Technical data…………………………………………………………………….1026

SPA communication protocol……………………………………………………..1026 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………1026 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………1027

Communication ports……………………………………………………….1035 Design……………………………………………………………………………….1035 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………1036 Technical data…………………………………………………………………….1036

IEC 60870-5-103 communication protocol…………………………………..1036 Introduction…………………………………………………………………………1036 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………1037

General………………………………………………………………………….1037 Communication ports……………………………………………………….1047

Function block…………………………………………………………………….1047 Input and output signals……………………………………………………….1050 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………1055 Technical data…………………………………………………………………….1058

Horizontal communication via GOOSE for interlocking GOOSEINTLKRCV…………………………………………………………………..1059

Function block…………………………………………………………………….1059 Input and output signals……………………………………………………….1060 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………1061

Goose binary receive GOOSEBINRCV……………………………………….1062 Function block…………………………………………………………………….1062 Input and output signals……………………………………………………….1062 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………1063

Multiple command and transmit MULTICMDRCV, MULTICMDSND………………………………………………………………………1064

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………1064 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………1064 Design……………………………………………………………………………….1065

General………………………………………………………………………….1065 Function block…………………………………………………………………….1065 Input and output signals……………………………………………………….1066 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………1068

Table of contents

29 Technical reference manual

Section 18 Remote communication……………………………………………1069 Binary signal transfer………………………………………………………………..1069

Introduction…………………………………………………………………………1069 Principle of operation……………………………………………………………1069 Function block…………………………………………………………………….1071 Input and output signals……………………………………………………….1072 Setting parameters………………………………………………………………1073

Transmission of analog data from LDCM LDCMTransmit………………1076 Function block…………………………………………………………………….1076 Input and output signals……………………………………………………….1077

Section 19 IED hardware…………………………………………………………1079 Overview…………………………………………………………………………………1079

Variants of case and local HMI display size…………………………….1079 Case from the rear side………………………………………………………..1081

Hardware modules……………………………………………………………………1085 Overview…………………………………………………………………………….1085 Combined backplane module (CBM)………………………………………1086

Introduction…………………………………………………………………….1086 Functionality…………………………………………………………………..1087 Design…………………………………………………………………………..1087

Universal backplane module (UBM)……………………………………….1089 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….1089 Functionality…………………………………………………………………..1089 Design…………………………………………………………………………..1089

Numeric processing module (NUM)……………………………………….1091 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….1091 Functionality…………………………………………………………………..1092 Block diagram…………………………………………………………………1093

Power supply module (PSM)…………………………………………………1093 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….1093 Design…………………………………………………………………………..1094 Technical data………………………………………………………………..1094

Local human-machine interface (Local HMI)……………………………1094 Transformer input module (TRM)…………………………………………..1095

Introduction…………………………………………………………………….1095 Design…………………………………………………………………………..1095 Technical data………………………………………………………………..1095

Analog digital conversion module, with time synchronization (ADM) ……………………………………………………………………………….1096

Table of contents

30 Technical reference manual

Introduction…………………………………………………………………….1096 Design…………………………………………………………………………..1097

Binary input module (BIM)…………………………………………………….1099 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….1099 Design…………………………………………………………………………..1099 Technical data………………………………………………………………..1103

Binary output modules (BOM)……………………………………………….1104 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….1104 Design…………………………………………………………………………..1104 Technical data………………………………………………………………..1105

Static binary output module (SOM)………………………………………..1106 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….1106 Design…………………………………………………………………………..1106 Technical data………………………………………………………………..1108

Binary input/output module (IOM)…………………………………………..1110 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….1110 Design…………………………………………………………………………..1110 Technical data………………………………………………………………..1112

mA input module (MIM)………………………………………………………..1114 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….1114 Design…………………………………………………………………………..1115 Technical data………………………………………………………………..1116

Serial and LON communication module (SLM) ……………………….1117 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….1117 Design…………………………………………………………………………..1117 Technical data………………………………………………………………..1118

Galvanic RS485 communication module…………………………………1119 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….1119 Design…………………………………………………………………………..1119 Technical data………………………………………………………………..1121

Optical ethernet module (OEM)……………………………………………..1121 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….1121 Functionality…………………………………………………………………..1121 Design…………………………………………………………………………..1121 Technical data………………………………………………………………..1122

Line data communication module (LDCM)………………………………1123 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….1123 Design…………………………………………………………………………..1123 Technical data………………………………………………………………..1124

Galvanic X.21 line data communication (X.21-LDCM)………………1125

Table of contents

31 Technical reference manual

Introduction…………………………………………………………………….1125 Design…………………………………………………………………………..1126 Functionality…………………………………………………………………..1128 Technical data………………………………………………………………..1128

GPS time synchronization module (GTM)……………………………….1129 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….1129 Design…………………………………………………………………………..1129 Technical data………………………………………………………………..1130

GPS antenna………………………………………………………………………1130 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….1130 Design…………………………………………………………………………..1130 Technical data………………………………………………………………..1132

IRIG-B time synchronization module IRIG-B……………………………1132 Introduction…………………………………………………………………….1132 Design…………………………………………………………………………..1132 Technical data………………………………………………………………..1134

Dimensions……………………………………………………………………………..1135 Case without rear cover………………………………………………………..1135 Case with rear cover…………………………………………………………….1137 Flush mounting dimensions…………………………………………………..1139 Side-by-side flush mounting dimensions…………………………………1140 Wall mounting dimensions…………………………………………………….1142 External resistor unit for high impedance differential protection….1142

Mounting alternatives………………………………………………………………..1144 Flush mounting……………………………………………………………………1144

Overview………………………………………………………………………..1144 Mounting procedure for flush mounting………………………………1145

19 panel rack mounting……………………………………………………….1146 Overview………………………………………………………………………..1146 Mounting procedure for 19 panel rack mounting…………………1147

Wall mounting……………………………………………………………………..1148 Overview………………………………………………………………………..1148 Mounting procedure for wall mounting……………………………….1148 How to reach the rear side of the IED………………………………..1149

Side-by-side 19 rack mounting……………………………………………..1150 Overview………………………………………………………………………..1150 Mounting procedure for side-by-side rack mounting…………….1150 IED in the 670 series mounted with a RHGS6 case……………..1151

Side-by-side flush mounting………………………………………………….1151 Overview………………………………………………………………………..1151

Table of contents

32 Technical reference manual

Mounting procedure for side-by-side flush mounting…………….1152 Technical data…………………………………………………………………………1153

Enclosure……………………………………………………………………………1153 Connection system………………………………………………………………1153 Influencing factors……………………………………………………………….1154 Type tests according to standard…………………………………………..1155

Section 20 Labels……………………………………………………………………1159 Labels on IED………………………………………………………………………….1159

Section 21 Connection diagrams………………………………………………1163

Section 22 Inverse time characteristics………………………………………1179 Application………………………………………………………………………………1179 Principle of operation………………………………………………………………..1182

Mode of operation………………………………………………………………..1182 Inverse characteristics………………………………………………………………1188

Section 23 Glossary………………………………………………………………..1215

Table of contents

33 Technical reference manual

Section 1 Introduction

About this chapter This chapter explains concepts and conventions used in this manual and provides information necessary to understand the contents of the manual.

1.1 Introduction to the technical reference manual

1.1.1 About the complete set of manuals for an IED The users manual (UM) is a complete set of five different manuals:

IEC09000744-1-en.vsd

P la

nn in

g &

p ur

ch as

e

di sp

os al

E ng

in ee

rin g

In st

al lin

g

C om

m is

si on

in g

O pe

ra tio

n

M ai

nt en

an ce

D ec

om m

is si

on in

g de

in st

al lin

g &

Application manual

Operators manual

Installation and

Engineeringmanual

Commissioning manual

manual Technical reference

IEC09000744 V1 EN

The Application Manual (AM) contains application descriptions, setting guidelines and setting parameters sorted per function. The application manual should be used to find out when and for what purpose a typical protection function could be used. The manual should also be used when calculating settings.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 1 Introduction

35 Technical reference manual

The Technical Reference Manual (TRM) contains application and functionality descriptions and it lists function blocks, logic diagrams, input and output signals, setting parameters and technical data sorted per function. The technical reference manual should be used as a technical reference during the engineering phase, installation and commissioning phase, and during normal service.

The Installation and Commissioning Manual (ICM) contains instructions on how to install and commission the protection IED. The manual can also be used as a reference during periodic testing. The manual covers procedures for mechanical and electrical installation, energizing and checking of external circuitry, setting and configuration as well as verifying settings and performing directional tests. The chapters are organized in the chronological order (indicated by chapter/section numbers) in which the protection IED should be installed and commissioned.

The Operators Manual (OM) contains instructions on how to operate the protection IED during normal service once it has been commissioned. The operators manual can be used to find out how to handle disturbances or how to view calculated and measured network data in order to determine the cause of a fault.

The Engineering Manual (EM) contains instructions on how to engineer the IEDs using the different tools in PCM600. The manual provides instructions on how to set up a PCM600 project and insert IEDs to the project structure. The manual also recommends a sequence for engineering of protection and control functions, LHMI functions as well as communication engineering for IEC 61850 and DNP3.

1.1.2 About the technical reference manual The following chapters are included in the technical reference manual.

Local HMI describes the control panel on the IED and explains display characteristics, control keys and various local HMI features.

Basic IED functions presents functions for all protection types that are included in all IEDs, for example, time synchronization, self supervision with event list, test mode and other general functions.

Differential protection describes differential functions and restricted ground fault protection.

Impedance protection describes functions for distance zones with their quadrilateral characteristics, phase selection with load encroachment, power swing detection and similar.

Current protection describes functions, for example, over current protection, breaker failure protection and pole discordance.

Voltage protection describes functions for under voltage and over voltage protection and residual over voltage protection.

Frequency protection describes functions for over frequency, under frequency and rate of change of frequency protection.

Section 1 1MRK505222-UUS C Introduction

36 Technical reference manual

Multipurpose protection describes the general protection function for current and voltage.

Secondary system supervision describes current based functions for current circuit supervision and fuse failure supervision.

Control describes control functions, for example, synchronization and energizing check and other product specific functions.

Scheme communication describes functions related to current reversal and weak end infeed logic.

Logic describes trip logic and related functions. Monitoring describes measurement related functions that are used to provide data

regarding relevant quantities, events and faults, for example. Metering describes pulse counter logic. Station communication describes Ethernet based communication in general,

including the use of IEC 61850 and horizontal communication via GOOSE. Remote communication describes binary and analog signal transfer, and the

associated hardware. Hardware describes the IED and its components. Connection diagrams provides terminal wiring diagrams and information

regarding connections to and from the IED. Inverse time characteristics describes and explains inverse time delay, inverse

time curves and their effects. Glossary is a list of terms, acronyms and abbreviations used in ABB technical

documentation.

1.1.3 This manual The description of each IED related function follows the same structure (where applicable). The different sections are outlined below.

1.1.3.1 Introduction

Outlines the implementation of a particular protection function.

1.1.3.2 Principle of operation

Describes how the function works, presents a general background to algorithms and measurement techniques. Logic diagrams are used to illustrate functionality.

Logic diagrams Logic diagrams describe the signal logic inside the function block and are bordered by dashed lines.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 1 Introduction

37 Technical reference manual

Signal names Input and output logic signals consist of two groups of letters separated by two dashes. The first group consists of up to four letters and presents the abbreviated name for the corresponding function. The second group presents the functionality of the particular signal. According to this explanation, the meaning of the signal BLKTR in figure 4 is as follows:

BLKTR informs the user that the signal will BLOCK the TRIP command from the under-voltage function, when its value is a logical one (1).

Input signals are always on the left hand side, and output signals on the right hand side. Settings are not displayed.

Input and output signals In a logic diagram, input and output signal paths are shown as a lines that touch the outer border of the diagram.

Input and output signals can be configured using the ACT tool. They can be connected to the inputs and outputs of other functions and to binary inputs and outputs. Examples of input signals are BLKTR, BLOCK and VTSU. Examples output signals are TRIP, START, STL1, STL2, STL3.

Setting parameters Signals in frames with a shaded area on their right hand side represent setting parameter signals. These parameters can only be set via the PST or LHMI. Their values are high (1) only when the corresponding setting parameter is set to the symbolic value specified within the frame. Example is the signal Block TUV=Yes. Their logical values correspond automatically to the selected setting value.

Internal signals Internal signals are illustrated graphically and end approximately 2 mm from the frame edge. If an internal signal path cannot be drawn with a continuous line, the suffix -int is added to the signal name to indicate where the signal starts and continues, see figure 1.

Section 1 1MRK505222-UUS C Introduction

38 Technical reference manual

TEST

Block TUV=Yes

PU_V_A

PU_V_B

PU_V_C

AND

TEST

xx04000375_ansi.vsd

0-t

BLKTR

BLOCK

VTSU

TRIP

PICKUP

PU_A

PU_B

PU_C

BLOCK-int.

BLOCK-int.

BLOCK-int.

BLOCK-int.

OR

AND

AND

AND

OR AND

0

ANSI04000375 V1 EN

Figure 1: Logic diagram example with -int signals

External signals Signal paths that extend beyond the logic diagram and continue in another diagram have the suffix -cont., see figure 2 and figure 3.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 1 Introduction

39 Technical reference manual

AND

PHSEL

PUND_AB-cont.

PUND_BC-cont.

PUND_CA-cont.

PUND_AG-cont.

PUND_BG-cont.

PUND_CG-cont.

STZMPP-cont.

PUND_GND-cont.

1—BLOCK

LOVBZ PU_ND

BLK-cont.

xx04000376_ansi.vsd

AB

BC

CA

AG

BG

CG

AND

AND

AND

AND

AND

OR

OR

AND

OR

OR

ANSI04000376 V1 EN

Figure 2: Logic diagram example with an outgoing -cont signal

or

or

or

AND

AND

AND

AND

BLK-cont.

PICKUP

PU_C

PU_B

PU_A 15 ms

0

15 ms 0

15 ms 0

15 ms 0

or

STND_AG-cont.

STND_BG-cont.

STND_CG-cont.

STND_AB-cont.

STND_BC-cont.

STND_CA-cont.

Xx04000377_ansi.vsd ANSI04000377 V1 EN

Figure 3: Logic diagram example with an incoming -cont signal

Section 1 1MRK505222-UUS C Introduction

40 Technical reference manual

1.1.3.3 Input and output signals

Input and output signals are presented in two separate tables. Each table consists of two columns. The first column contains the name of the signal and the second column contains the description of the signal.

1.1.3.4 Function block

Each function block is illustrated graphically.

Input signals are always on the left hand side and output signals on the right hand side. Settings are not displayed. Special kinds of settings are sometimes available. These are supposed to be connected to constants in the configuration scheme and are therefore depicted as inputs. Such signals will be found in the signal list but described in the settings table.

The ^ character in front of an input or output signal name in the function block symbol given for a function, indicates that the user can set a signal name of their own in PCM600.

The * character after an input or output signal name in the function block symbol given for a function, indicates that the signal must be connected to another function block in the application configuration to achieve a valid application configuration.

en05000511-1-en.vsd

IEC 61850 — 8 -1 Logical Node

OutputsInputs

Diagram Number

Mandatory signal (*)

PCGGIO BLOCK READ_VAL BI_PULSE* RS_CNT

INVALID RESTART BLOCKED NEW_VAL

^SCAL_VAL

User defined name (^)

IEC05000511 V2 EN

Figure 4: Example of a function block

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 1 Introduction

41 Technical reference manual

1.1.3.5 Setting parameters

These are presented in tables and include all parameters associated with the function in question.

1.1.3.6 Technical data

The technical data section provides specific technical information about the function or hardware described.

1.1.4 Intended audience

General This manual addresses system engineers, installation and commissioning personnel, who use technical data during engineering, installation and commissioning, and in normal service.

Requirements The system engineer must have a thorough knowledge of protection systems, protection equipment, protection functions and the configured functional logics in the protective devices. The installation and commissioning personnel must have a basic knowledge in the handling electronic equipment.

1.1.5 Related documents Documents related to RED670 Identity number Operators manual 1MRK 505 223-UUS

Installation and commissioning manual 1MRK 505 224-UUS

Technical reference manual 1MRK 505 222-UUS

Application manual 1MRK 505 225-UUS

Product guide customized 1MRK 505 226-BUS

Product guide pre-configured 1MRK 505 228-BUS

Sample specification SA2005-001281

Connection and Installation components 1MRK 513 003-BEN

Test system, COMBITEST 1MRK 512 001-BEN

Accessories for 670 series IEDs 1MRK 514 012-BEN

670 series SPA and signal list 1MRK 500 092-WUS

Table continues on next page

Section 1 1MRK505222-UUS C Introduction

42 Technical reference manual

IEC 61850 Data objects list for 670 series 1MRK 500 091-WUS

Engineering manual 670 series 1MRK 511 240-UUS

Communication set-up for Relion 670 series 1MRK 505 260-UEN

More information can be found on www.abb.com/substationautomation.

1.1.6 Revision notes Revision Description A Minor corrections made

B Maintenance updates, PR corrections

C Maintenance updates, PR corrections

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 1 Introduction

43 Technical reference manual

Section 2 Analog inputs

2.1 Introduction

Analog input channels must be configured and set properly to get correct measurement results and correct protection operations. For power measuring and all directional and differential functions the directions of the input currents must be defined properly. Measuring and protection algorithms in the IED use primary system quantities. Setting values are in primary quantities as well and it is important to set the data about the connected current and voltage transformers properly.

A reference PhaseAngleRef can be defined to facilitate service values reading. This analog channels phase angle will always be fixed to zero degrees and all other angle information will be shown in relation to this analog input. During testing and commissioning of the IED the reference channel can be changed to facilitate testing and service values reading.

The availability of VT inputs depends on the ordered transformer input module (TRM) type.

2.2 Operation principle

The direction of a current depends on the connection of the CT. The main CTs are typically star (WYE) connected and can be connected with the Star (WYE) point to the object or from the object. This information must be set in the IED.

The convention of the directionality is defined as follows:

Positive value of current or power means that the quantity has the direction into the object.

Negative value of current or power means that the quantity has the direction out from the object.

For directional functions the directional conventions are defined as follows (see figure 5)

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 2 Analog inputs

45 Technical reference manual

Forward means direction into the object. Reverse means direction out from the object.

Protected Object Line, transformer, etc

ForwardReverse

Definition of direction for directional functions

Measured quantity is positive when flowing towards the object

e.g. P, Q, I

ReverseForward

Definition of direction for directional functions

e.g. P, Q, I Measured quantity is positive when flowing

towards the object

Set parameter CT_WyePoint

Correct Setting is «ToObject»

Set parameter CT_WyePoint

Correct Setting is «FromObject»

en05000456_ansi.vsd ANSI05000456 V1 EN

Figure 5: Internal convention of the directionality in the IED

If the settings of the primary CT is right, that is CTStarPoint set as FromObject or ToObject according to the plant condition, then a positive quantity always flows towards the protected object, and a Forward direction always looks towards the protected object.

The settings of the IED is performed in primary values. The ratios of the main CTs and VTs are therefore basic data for the IED. The user has to set the rated secondary and primary currents and voltages of the CTs and VTs to provide the IED with their rated ratios.

The CT and VT ratio and the name on respective channel is done under Main menu/ Hardware/Analog modules in the Parameter Settings tool.

2.3 Function block

The function blocks are not represented in the configuration tool. The signals appear only in the SMT tool when a TRM is included in the configuration with the function selector tool. In the SMT tool they can be mapped to the desired virtual input (SMAI) of the IED and used internally in the configuration.

Section 2 1MRK505222-UUS C Analog inputs

46 Technical reference manual

2.4 Setting parameters

Dependent on ordered IED type.

Table 1: AISVBAS Non group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description PhaseAngleRef TRM40-Ch1

TRM40-Ch2 TRM40-Ch3 TRM40-Ch4 TRM40-Ch5 TRM40-Ch6 TRM40-Ch7 TRM40-Ch8 TRM40-Ch9 TRM40-Ch10 TRM40-Ch11 TRM40-Ch12 TRM41-Ch1 TRM41-Ch2 TRM41-Ch3 TRM41-Ch4 TRM41-Ch5 TRM41-Ch6 TRM41-Ch7 TRM41-Ch8 TRM41-Ch9 TRM41-Ch10 TRM41-Ch11 TRM41-Ch12 MU1-IA MU1-IB MU1-IC MU1-I0 MU1- VA MU1- VB MU1-VC MU1-V0 MU2-IA MU2-IB MU2-IC MU2-I0 MU2-VA MU2-VB MU2-VC MU2-V0 MU3-IA MU3-IB MU3-IC MU3-I0 MU3-VB MU2-VB MU3-VC MU3-V0

— — TRM40-Ch1 Reference channel for phase angle presentation

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 2 Analog inputs

47 Technical reference manual

Table 2: TRM_12I Non group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description CT_WyePoint1 FromObject

ToObject — — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object,

FromObject= the opposite

CTsec1 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim1 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint2 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec2 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim2 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint3 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec3 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim3 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint4 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec4 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim4 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint5 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec5 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim5 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint6 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec6 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim6 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint7 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec7 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim7 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint8 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec8 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim8 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint9 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec9 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim9 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint10 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec10 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

Table continues on next page

Section 2 1MRK505222-UUS C Analog inputs

48 Technical reference manual

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description CTprim10 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint11 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec11 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim11 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint12 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec12 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim12 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

Table 3: TRM_6I_6U Non group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description CT_WyePoint1 FromObject

ToObject — — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object,

FromObject= the opposite

CTsec1 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim1 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint2 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec2 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim2 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint3 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec3 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim3 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint4 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec4 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim4 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint5 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec5 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim5 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint6 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec6 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim6 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

VTsec7 0.001 — 999.999 V 0.001 110.000 Rated VT secondary voltage

VTprim7 0.05 — 2000.00 kV 0.05 400.00 Rated VT primary voltage

VTsec8 0.001 — 999.999 V 0.001 110.000 Rated VT secondary voltage

Table continues on next page

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 2 Analog inputs

49 Technical reference manual

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description VTprim8 0.05 — 2000.00 kV 0.05 400.00 Rated VT primary voltage

VTsec9 0.001 — 999.999 V 0.001 110.000 Rated VT secondary voltage

VTprim9 0.05 — 2000.00 kV 0.05 400.00 Rated VT primary voltage

VTsec10 0.001 — 999.999 V 0.001 110.000 Rated VT secondary voltage

VTprim10 0.05 — 2000.00 kV 0.05 400.00 Rated VT primary voltage

VTsec11 0.001 — 999.999 V 0.001 110.000 Rated VT secondary voltage

VTprim11 0.05 — 2000.00 kV 0.05 400.00 Rated VT primary voltage

VTsec12 0.001 — 999.999 V 0.001 110.000 Rated VT secondary voltage

VTprim12 0.05 — 2000.00 kV 0.05 400.00 Rated VT primary voltage

Table 4: TRM_6I Non group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description CT_WyePoint1 FromObject

ToObject — — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object,

FromObject= the opposite

CTsec1 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim1 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint2 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec2 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim2 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint3 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec3 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim3 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint4 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec4 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim4 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint5 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec5 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim5 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint6 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec6 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim6 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

Section 2 1MRK505222-UUS C Analog inputs

50 Technical reference manual

Table 5: TRM_7I_5U Non group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description CT_WyePoint1 FromObject

ToObject — — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object,

FromObject= the opposite

CTsec1 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim1 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint2 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec2 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim2 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint3 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec3 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim3 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint4 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec4 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim4 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint5 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec5 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim5 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint6 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec6 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim6 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint7 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec7 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim7 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

VTsec8 0.001 — 999.999 V 0.001 110.000 Rated VT secondary voltage

VTprim8 0.05 — 2000.00 kV 0.05 400.00 Rated VT primary voltage

VTsec9 0.001 — 999.999 V 0.001 110.000 Rated VT secondary voltage

VTprim9 0.05 — 2000.00 kV 0.05 400.00 Rated VT primary voltage

VTsec10 0.001 — 999.999 V 0.001 110.000 Rated VT secondary voltage

VTprim10 0.05 — 2000.00 kV 0.05 400.00 Rated VT primary voltage

VTsec11 0.001 — 999.999 V 0.001 110.000 Rated VT secondary voltage

VTprim11 0.05 — 2000.00 kV 0.05 400.00 Rated VT primary voltage

VTsec12 0.001 — 999.999 V 0.001 110.000 Rated VT secondary voltage

VTprim12 0.05 — 2000.00 kV 0.05 400.00 Rated VT primary voltage

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 2 Analog inputs

51 Technical reference manual

Table 6: TRM_9I_3U Non group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description CT_WyePoint1 FromObject

ToObject — — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object,

FromObject= the opposite

CTsec1 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim1 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint2 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec2 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim2 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint3 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec3 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim3 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint4 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec4 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim4 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint5 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec5 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim5 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint6 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec6 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim6 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint7 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec7 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim7 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint8 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec8 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim8 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

CT_WyePoint9 FromObject ToObject

— — ToObject ToObject= towards protected object, FromObject= the opposite

CTsec9 1 — 10 A 1 1 Rated CT secondary current

CTprim9 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Rated CT primary current

VTsec10 0.001 — 999.999 V 0.001 110.000 Rated VT secondary voltage

VTprim10 0.05 — 2000.00 kV 0.05 400.00 Rated VT primary voltage

VTsec11 0.001 — 999.999 V 0.001 110.000 Rated VT secondary voltage

Table continues on next page

Section 2 1MRK505222-UUS C Analog inputs

52 Technical reference manual

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description VTprim11 0.05 — 2000.00 kV 0.05 400.00 Rated VT primary voltage

VTsec12 0.001 — 999.999 V 0.001 110.000 Rated VT secondary voltage

VTprim12 0.05 — 2000.00 kV 0.05 400.00 Rated VT primary voltage

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 2 Analog inputs

53 Technical reference manual

Section 3 Local HMI

About this chapter This chapter describes the structure and use of local HMI, which is the control panel at the IED.

3.1 Human machine interface

The local human machine interface is available in a medium sized model. Up to 12 single line diagram pages can be defined, depending on the product capability.

The local HMI is divided into zones with different functionality.

Status indication LEDs. Alarm indication LEDs, which consist of 15 LEDs (6 red and 9 yellow) with user

printable label. All LEDs are configurable from PCM600. Liquid crystal display (LCD). Keypad with push buttons for control and navigation purposes, switch for

selection between local and remote control and reset. Isolated RJ45 communication port.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 3 Local HMI

55 Technical reference manual

IEC07000077 V1 EN

Figure 6: Medium graphic HMI, 15 controllable objects

3.2 Medium size graphic HMI

3.2.1 Medium The following case sizes can be equipped with the medium size LCD:

1/2 x 19 3/4 x 19 1/1 x 19

This is a fully graphical monochrome LCD which measures 4.7 x 3.5 inches. It has 28 lines with up to 40 characters per line. To display the single line diagram, this LCD is required.

3.2.2 Design The different parts of the medium size local HMI are shown in figure 7. The local HMI exists in an IEC version and in an ANSI version. The difference is on the keypad operation buttons and the yellow LED designation.

Section 3 1MRK505222-UUS C Local HMI

56 Technical reference manual

IEC07000077-CALLOUT V1 EN

Figure 7: Medium size graphic HMI

1 Status indication LEDs

2 LCD

3 Indication LEDs

4 Label

5 Local/Remote LEDs

6 RJ45 port

7 Communication indication LED

8 Keypad

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 3 Local HMI

57 Technical reference manual

3.3 Keypad

The keypad is used to monitor and operate the IED. The keypad has the same look and feel in all IEDs. LCD screens and other details may differ but the way the keys function is identical.

IEC06000531 V1 EN

Figure 8: The HMI keypad.

Table 7 describes the HMI keys that are used to operate the IED.

Table 7: HMI keys on the front of the IED

Key Function

IEC06000532 V1 EN

Press to close or energize a breaker or disconnector.

IEC06000533 V1 EN

Press to open a breaker or disconnector.

IEC05000103 V1 EN

Press to open two sub menus: Key operation and IED information.

IEC05000104 V1 EN

Press to clear entries, cancel commands or edit.

IEC05000105 V1 EN

Press to open the main menu and to move to the default screen.

Table continues on next page

Section 3 1MRK505222-UUS C Local HMI

58 Technical reference manual

Key Function

IEC05000106 V1 EN

Press to set the IED in local or remote control mode.

IEC05000107 V1 EN

Press to open the reset screen.

IEC05000108 V1 EN

Press to start the editing mode and confirm setting changes, when in editing mode.

IEC05000109 V1 EN

Press to navigate forward between screens and move right in editing mode.

IEC05000110 V1 EN

Press to navigate backwards between screens and move left in editing mode.

IEC05000111 V1 EN

Press to move up in the single line diagram and in the menu tree.

IEC05000112 V1 EN

Press to move down in the single line diagram and in the menu tree.

3.4 LED

3.4.1 Introduction The LED module is a unidirectional means of communicating. This means that events may occur that activate a LED in order to draw the operators attention to something that has occurred and needs some sort of action.

3.4.2 Status indication LEDs The three LEDs above the LCD provide information as shown in the table below.

LED Indication Information Green:

Steady In service

Flashing Internal failure

Dark No power supply

Yellow:

Steady Dist. rep. triggered

Table continues on next page

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 3 Local HMI

59 Technical reference manual

LED Indication Information Flashing Terminal in test mode

Red:

Steady Trip command issued

3.4.3 Indication LEDs The LED indication module comprising 15 LEDs is standard in 670 series. Its main purpose is to present an immediate visual information for protection indications or alarm signals.

Alarm indication LEDs and hardware associated LEDs are located on the right hand side of the front panel. Alarm LEDs are located on the right of the LCD screen and show steady or flashing light.

Steady light indicates normal operation. Flashing light indicates alarm.

Alarm LEDs can be configured in PCM600 and depend on the binary logic. Therefore they can not be configured on the local HMI.

Typical examples of alarm LEDs

Bay controller failure CB close blocked Interlocking bypassed Differential protection trip SF6 Gas refill Position error CB spring charge alarm Oil temperature alarm Thermal overload trip

The RJ45 port has a yellow LED indicating that communication has been established between the IED and a computer.

The Local/Remote key on the front panel has two LEDs indicating whether local or remote control of the IED is active.

Section 3 1MRK505222-UUS C Local HMI

60 Technical reference manual

3.5 Local HMI related functions

3.5.1 Introduction The local HMI can be adapted to the application configuration and to user preferences.

Function block LocalHMI Function block LEDGEN Setting parameters

3.5.2 General setting parameters Table 8: SCREEN Non group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description Language English

OptionalLanguage — — English Local HMI language

DisplayTimeout 10 — 120 Min 10 60 Local HMI display timeout

AutoRepeat Disabled Enabled

— — Enabled Activation of auto-repeat (On) or not (Off)

ContrastLevel -10 — 20 % 1 0 Contrast level for display

DefaultScreen 0 — 0 — 1 0 Default screen

EvListSrtOrder Latest on top Oldest on top

— — Latest on top Sort order of event list

SymbolFont IEC ANSI

— — IEC Symbol font for Single Line Diagram

3.5.3 Status LEDs

3.5.3.1 Design

The function block LocalHMI controls and supplies information about the status of the status indication LEDs. The input and output signals of local HMI are configured with PCM600.

The function block can be used if any of the signals are required in a configuration logic.

See section «Status indication LEDs» for information about the LEDs.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 3 Local HMI

61 Technical reference manual

3.5.3.2 Function block

ANSI05000773-2-en.vsd

LocalHMI RSTLEDS HMI-ON

RED-S YELLOW-S YELLOW-F RSTPULSE

LEDSRST

ANSI05000773 V2 EN

Figure 9: LocalHMI function block

3.5.3.3 Input and output signals

Table 9: LocalHMI Input signals

Name Type Default Description RSTLEDS BOOLEAN 0 Input to reset the LCD-HMI LEDs

Table 10: LocalHMI Output signals

Name Type Description HMI-ON BOOLEAN Backlight of the LCD display is active

RED-S BOOLEAN Red LED on the LCD-HMI is steady

YELLOW-S BOOLEAN Yellow LED on the LCD-HMI is steady

YELLOW-F BOOLEAN Yellow LED on the LCD-HMI is flashing

RSTPULSE BOOLEAN A reset pulse is provided when the LEDs on the LCD- HMI are cleared

LEDSRST BOOLEAN Active when the LEDs on the LCD-HMI are not ON

3.5.4 Indication LEDs

3.5.4.1 Introduction

The function block LEDGEN controls and supplies information about the status of the indication LEDs. The input and output signals of LEDGEN are configured with PCM600. The input signal for each LED is selected individually with the Signal Matrix Tool in PCM600.

LEDs (number 16) for trip indications are red. LEDs (number 715) for pickup indications are yellow.

Section 3 1MRK505222-UUS C Local HMI

62 Technical reference manual

Each indication LED on the local HMI can be set individually to operate in six different sequences

Two sequences operate as follow type. Four sequences operate as latch type.

Two of the latching sequence types are intended to be used as a protection indication system, either in collecting or restarting mode, with reset functionality.

Two of the latching sequence types are intended to be used as signaling system in collecting (coll) mode with an acknowledgment functionality.

The light from the LEDs can be steady (-S) or flashing (-F). See the technical reference manual for more information.

3.5.4.2 Design

The information on the LEDs is stored at loss of the auxiliary power to the IED in some of the modes of LEDGEN. The latest LED picture appears immediately after the IED is successfully restarted.

Operating modes

Collecting mode LEDs which are used in collecting mode of operation are accumulated

continuously until the unit is acknowledged manually. This mode is suitable when the LEDs are used as a simplified alarm system.

Re-starting mode In the re-starting mode of operation each new pickup resets all previous

active LEDs and activates only those which appear during one disturbance. Only LEDs defined for re-starting mode with the latched sequence type 6 (LatchedReset-S) will initiate a reset and a restart at a new disturbance. A disturbance is defined to end a settable time after the reset of the activated input signals or when the maximum time limit has elapsed.

Acknowledgment/reset

From local HMI Active indications can be acknowledged or reset manually. Manual

acknowledgment and manual reset have the same meaning and is a common signal for all the operating sequences and LEDs. The function is positive edge triggered, not level triggered. The acknowledged or reset is performed

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 3 Local HMI

63 Technical reference manual

via the reset button and menus on the local HMI. See the operator’s manual for more information.

From function input Active indications can also be acknowledged or reset from an input, RESET,

to the function. This input can, for example, be configured to a binary input operated from an external push button. The function is positive edge triggered, not level triggered. This means that even if the button is continuously pressed, the acknowledgment or reset only affects indications active at the moment when the button is first pressed.

Automatic reset Automatic reset can only be performed for indications defined for re-starting

mode with the latched sequence type 6 (LatchedReset-S). When automatic reset of the LEDs has been performed, still persisting indications will be indicated with a steady light.

Operating sequences The operating sequences can be of type Follow or Latched.

For the Follow type the LED follows the input signal completely. For the Latched type each LED latches to the corresponding input signal until it is

reset.

Figure 10 show the function of available sequences that are selectable for each LED separately.

The acknowledgment or reset function is not applicable for sequence 1 and 2 (Follow type).

Sequence 3 and 4 (Latched type with acknowledgement) are only working in collecting mode.

Sequence 5 is working according to Latched type and collecting mode. Sequence 6 is working according to Latched type and re-starting mode.

The letters S and F in the sequence names have the meaning S = Steady and F = Flashing.

At the activation of the input signal, the indication operates according to the selected sequence diagrams.

In the sequence diagrams the LEDs have the characteristics as shown in figure 10.

Section 3 1MRK505222-UUS C Local HMI

64 Technical reference manual

en05000506.vsd

= No indication = Steady light = Flash

IEC05000506 V1 EN

Figure 10: Symbols used in the sequence diagrams

Sequence 1 (Follow-S) This sequence follows all the time, with a steady light, the corresponding input signals. It does not react on acknowledgment or reset. Every LED is independent of the other LEDs in its operation.

Activating signal

LED

IEC01000228_2_en.vsd IEC01000228 V2 EN

Figure 11: Operating sequence 1 (Follow-S)

Sequence 2 (Follow-F) This sequence is the same as sequence 1, Follow-S, but the LEDs are flashing instead of showing steady light.

Sequence 3 (LatchedAck-F-S) This sequence has a latched function and works in collecting mode. Every LED is independent of the other LEDs in its operation. At the activation of the input signal, the indication starts flashing. After acknowledgment the indication disappears if the signal is not present any more. If the signal is still present after acknowledgment it gets a steady light.

Activating signal

LED

Acknow. en01000231.vsd

IEC01000231 V1 EN

Figure 12: Operating sequence 3 (LatchedAck-F-S)

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 3 Local HMI

65 Technical reference manual

Sequence 4 (LatchedAck-S-F) This sequence has the same functionality as sequence 3, but steady and flashing light have been alternated.

Sequence 5 (LatchedColl-S) This sequence has a latched function and works in collecting mode. At the activation of the input signal, the indication will light up with a steady light. The difference to sequence 3 and 4 is that indications that are still activated will not be affected by the reset that is, immediately after the positive edge of the reset has been executed a new reading and storing of active signals is performed. Every LED is independent of the other LEDs in its operation.

IEC01000235_2_en.vsd

Activating signal

LED

Reset

IEC01000235 V2 EN

Figure 13: Operating sequence 5 (LatchedColl-S)

Sequence 6 (LatchedReset-S) In this mode all activated LEDs, which are set to sequence 6 (LatchedReset-S), are automatically reset at a new disturbance when activating any input signal for other LEDs set to sequence 6 (LatchedReset-S). Also in this case indications that are still activated will not be affected by manual reset, that is, immediately after the positive edge of that the manual reset has been executed a new reading and storing of active signals is performed. LEDs set for sequence 6 are completely independent in its operation of LEDs set for other sequences.

Definition of a disturbance A disturbance is defined to last from the first LED set as LatchedReset-S is activated until a settable time, tRestart, has elapsed after that all activating signals for the LEDs set as LatchedReset-S have reset. However if all activating signals have reset and some signal again becomes active before tRestart has elapsed, the tRestart timer does not restart the timing sequence. A new disturbance start will be issued first when all signals have reset after tRestart has elapsed. A diagram of this functionality is shown in figure 14.

Section 3 1MRK505222-UUS C Local HMI

66 Technical reference manual

New disturbance

From disturbance length control per LED set to sequence 6

en01000237_ansi.vsd

ANDOR

ANDOR

OR

0 0-100s

tRestart

AND

OR

ANSI01000237 V1 EN

Figure 14: Activation of new disturbance

In order not to have a lock-up of the indications in the case of a persisting signal each LED is provided with a timer, tMax, after which time the influence on the definition of a disturbance of that specific LED is inhibited. This functionality is shown i diagram in figure 15.

Activating signal

AND To disturbance

length control

To LED

en05000507_ansi.vsd

0-tMax 0

ANSI05000507 V1 EN

Figure 15: Length control of activating signals

Timing diagram for sequence 6 Figure 16 shows the timing diagram for two indications within one disturbance.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 3 Local HMI

67 Technical reference manual

IEC01000239_2-en.vsd

Activating signal 2

LED 2

Manual reset

Activating signal 1

Automatic reset

LED 1

Disturbance

tRestart

IEC01000239 V2 EN

Figure 16: Operating sequence 6 (LatchedReset-S), two indications within same disturbance

Figure 17 shows the timing diagram for a new indication after tRestart time has elapsed.

Section 3 1MRK505222-UUS C Local HMI

68 Technical reference manual

IEC01000240_2_en.vsd

Activating signal 2

LED 2

Manual reset

Activating signal 1

Automatic reset

LED 1

Disturbance

tRestart

Disturbance

tRestart

IEC01000240 V2 EN

Figure 17: Operating sequence 6 (LatchedReset-S), two different disturbances

Figure 18 shows the timing diagram when a new indication appears after the first one has reset but before tRestart has elapsed.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 3 Local HMI

69 Technical reference manual

IEC01000241_2_en.vsd

Activating signal 2

LED 2

Manual reset

Activating signal 1

Automatic reset

LED 1

Disturbance

tRestart

IEC01000241 V2 EN

Figure 18: Operating sequence 6 (LatchedReset-S), two indications within same disturbance but with reset of activating signal between

Figure 19 shows the timing diagram for manual reset.

Section 3 1MRK505222-UUS C Local HMI

70 Technical reference manual

IEC01000242_2_en.vsd

Activating signal 2

LED 2

Manual reset

Activating signal 1

Automatic reset

LED 1

Disturbance

tRestart

IEC01000242 V2 EN

Figure 19: Operating sequence 6 (LatchedReset-S), manual reset

3.5.4.3 Function block

IEC05000508_2_en.vsd

LEDGEN BLOCK RESET LEDTEST

NEWIND ACK

IEC05000508 V2 EN

Figure 20: LEDGEN function block

3.5.4.4 Input and output signals

Table 11: LEDGEN Input signals

Name Type Default Description BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Input to block the operation of the LED-unit

RESET BOOLEAN 0 Input to acknowledge/reset the indications of the LED- unit

LEDTEST BOOLEAN 0 Input for external LED test

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 3 Local HMI

71 Technical reference manual

Table 12: LEDGEN Output signals

Name Type Description NEWIND BOOLEAN A new signal on any of the indication inputs occurs

ACK BOOLEAN A pulse is provided when the LEDs are acknowledged

3.5.4.5 Setting parameters

Table 13: LEDGEN Non group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description Operation Disabled

Enabled — — Disabled Operation mode for the LED function

tRestart 0.0 — 100.0 s 0.1 0.0 Defines the disturbance length

tMax 0.0 — 100.0 s 0.1 0.0 Maximum time for the definition of a disturbance

SeqTypeLED1 Follow-S Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S

— — Follow-S Sequence type for LED 1

SeqTypeLED2 Follow-S Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S

— — Follow-S Sequence type for LED 2

SeqTypeLED3 Follow-S Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S

— — Follow-S Sequence type for LED 3

SeqTypeLED4 Follow-S Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S

— — Follow-S Sequence type for LED 4

SeqTypeLED5 Follow-S Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S

— — Follow-S Sequence type for LED 5

Table continues on next page

Section 3 1MRK505222-UUS C Local HMI

72 Technical reference manual

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description SeqTypeLED6 Follow-S

Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S

— — Follow-S Sequence type for LED 6

SeqTypeLED7 Follow-S Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S

— — Follow-S Sequence type for LED 7

SeqTypeLED8 Follow-S Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S

— — Follow-S sequence type for LED 8

SeqTypeLED9 Follow-S Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S

— — Follow-S Sequence type for LED 9

SeqTypeLED10 Follow-S Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S

— — Follow-S Sequence type for LED 10

SeqTypeLED11 Follow-S Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S

— — Follow-S Sequence type for LED 11

SeqTypeLED12 Follow-S Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S

— — Follow-S Sequence type for LED 12

Table continues on next page

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 3 Local HMI

73 Technical reference manual

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description SeqTypeLED13 Follow-S

Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S

— — Follow-S Sequence type for LED 13

SeqTypeLED14 Follow-S Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S

— — Follow-S Sequence type for LED 14

SeqTypeLED15 Follow-S Follow-F LatchedAck-F-S LatchedAck-S-F LatchedColl-S LatchedReset-S

— — Follow-S Sequence type for LED 15

Section 3 1MRK505222-UUS C Local HMI

74 Technical reference manual

Section 4 Basic IED functions

About this chapter This chapter presents functions that are basic to all 670 series IEDs. Typical functions in this category are time synchronization, self supervision and test mode.

4.1 Authorization

To safeguard the interests of our customers, both the IED and the tools that are accessing the IED are protected, by means of authorization handling. The authorization handling of the IED and the PCM600 is implemented at both access points to the IED:

local, through the local HMI remote, through the communication ports

4.1.1 Principle of operation There are different levels (or types) of users that can access or operate different areas of the IED and tools functionality. The pre-defined user types are given in Table 14.

Be sure that the user logged on to the IED has the access required when writing particular data to the IED from PCM600.

The meaning of the legends used in the table:

R= Read W= Write — = No access rights

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 4 Basic IED functions

75 Technical reference manual

Table 14: Pre-defined user types

Access rights Guest Super User SPA Guest System Operator

Protection Engineer

Design Engineer

User Administrator

Basic setting possibilities (change setting group, control settings, limit supervision)

R R/W R R/W R/W R/W R

Advanced setting possibilities (for example protection settings)

R R/W R R R/W R/W R

Basic control possibilities (process control, no bypass)

R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R

Advanced control possibilities (process control including interlock trigg)

R R/W R/W R/W R/W R/W R

Basic command handling (for example clear LEDs, manual trigg)

R R/W R R/W R/W R/W R

Advanced command handling (for example clear disturbance record)

R R/W R R R/W R/W R/W

Basic configuration possibilities (I/O- configuration in SMT)

R R/W R R R R/W R/W

Advanced configuration possibilities (application configuration including SMT, GDE and CMT)

R R/W R R R R/W R/W

File loading (database loading from XML-file)

— R/W — — — R/W R/W

File dumping (database dumping to XML-file)

— R/W — — — R/W R/W

File transfer (FTP file transfer) — R/W — R/W R/W R/W R/W

File transfer (limited) (FTP file transfer) R R/W R R/W R/W R/W R/W

File Transfer (SPA File Transfer) — R/W — — — R/W —

Database access for normal user R R/W R R/W R/W R/W R/W

User administration (user management FTP File Transfer)

R R/W R R R R R/W

User administration (user management SPA File Transfer)

— R/W — — — — —

The IED users can be created, deleted and edited only with the IED User Management within PCM600. The user can only LogOn or LogOff on the local HMI on the IED, there are no users, groups or functions that can be defined on local HMI.

Only characters A — Z, a — z and 0 — 9 should be used in user names and passwords. The maximum of characters in a password is 18.

Section 4 1MRK505222-UUS C Basic IED functions

76 Technical reference manual

At least one user must be included in the UserAdministrator group to be able to write users, created in PCM600, to IED.

4.1.1.1 Authorization handling in the IED

At delivery the default user is the SuperUser. No Log on is required to operate the IED until a user has been created with the IED User Management..

Once a user is created and downloaded to the IED, that user can perform a Log on, introducing the password assigned in the tool.

If there is no user created, an attempt to log on will display a message box: No user defined!

If one user leaves the IED without logging off, then after the timeout (set in Main menu/Settings/General Settings/HMI/Screen/Display Timeout) elapses, the IED returns to Guest state, when only reading is possible. The display time out is set to 60 minutes at delivery.

If there are one or more users created with the IED User Management and downloaded into the IED, then, when a user intentionally attempts a Log on or when the user attempts to perform an operation that is password protected, the Log on window will appear.

The cursor is focused on the User identity field, so upon pressing the E key, the user can change the user name, by browsing the list of users, with the up and down arrows. After choosing the right user name, the user must press the E key again. When it comes to password, upon pressing the E key, the following character will show up: $. The user must scroll for every letter in the password. After all the letters are introduced (passwords are case sensitive) choose OK and press the E key again.

If everything is alright at a voluntary Log on, the local HMI returns to the Authorization screen. If the Log on is OK, when required to change for example a password protected setting, the local HMI returns to the actual setting folder. If the Log on has failed, then the Log on window opens again, until either the user makes it right or presses Cancel.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 4 Basic IED functions

77 Technical reference manual

4.2 Self supervision with internal event list

4.2.1 Introduction Self supervision with internal event list function listens and reacts to internal system events, generated by the different built-in self-supervision elements. The internal events are saved in an internal event list.

4.2.2 Principle of operation The self-supervision operates continuously and includes:

Normal micro-processor watchdog function. Checking of digitized measuring signals. Other alarms, for example hardware and time synchronization.

The self-supervision function status can be monitored from the local HMI, from the Event Viewer in PCM600 or from a SMS/SCS system.

Under the Diagnostics menu in the local HMI the present information from the self- supervision function can be reviewed. The information can be found under Main menu/Diagnostics/Internal events or Main menu/Diagnostics/IED status/General. The information from the self-supervision function is also available in the Event Viewer in PCM600.

A self-supervision summary can be obtained by means of the potential free alarm contact (INTERNAL FAIL) located on the power supply module. The function of this output relay is an OR-function between the INT-FAIL signal see figure 22 and a couple of more severe faults that can occur in the IED, see figure 21

Section 4 1MRK505222-UUS C Basic IED functions

78 Technical reference manual

en04000520_ansi.vsd

Power supply fault

Watchdog TX overflow Master resp. Supply fault

ReBoot I/O

Internal Fail (CPU)

Power supply module

I/O nodes

CEM

AND

Fault

Fault

Fault

INTERNAL FAIL

I/O nodes = BIM, BOM, IOM xxxx = Inverted signal

ANSI04000520 V1 EN

Figure 21: Hardware self-supervision, potential-free alarm contact

TIMESYNCHERROR

e.g. BIM 1 Error IO fail

IO stopped IO started

OR Set Reset

OR e.g. IOM2 Error e.g. IO (n) Error

OR

OR Internal

FAIL

Set Reset

LON ERROR

Watchdog RTE fatal error

RTE Appl-fail RTE OK

IEC61850 not ready

RTCERROR

FTF fatal error

RTC OK

TIMESYNCHERROR Time reset

SYNCH OK Settings changed

NUMFAIL

Set Reset

OR

Internal WARN

Set Reset

OR

NUMWARNING OR

1 second pulse

SETCHGD

RTCERROR

en04000519-1.vsd IEC04000519 V2 EN

Figure 22: Software self-supervision, IES (IntErrorSign) function block

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 4 Basic IED functions

79 Technical reference manual

Some signals are available from the INTERRSIG function block. The signals from this function block are sent as events to the station level of the control system. The signals from the INTERRSIG function block can also be connected to binary outputs for signalization via output relays or they can be used as conditions for other functions if required/desired.

Individual error signals from I/O modules can be obtained from respective module in the Signal Matrix tool. Error signals from time synchronization can be obtained from the time synchronization block TIMEINTERRSIG.

4.2.2.1 Internal signals

Self supervision provides several status signals, that tells about the condition of the IED. As they provide information about the internal status of the IED, they are also called internal signals. The internal signals can be divided into two groups.

Standard signals are always presented in the IED, see Table 15. Hardware dependent internal signals are collected depending on the hardware

configuration, see Table 16.

Explanations of internal signals are listed in Table 17.

Table 15: Self-supervision’s standard internal signals

Name of signal Description FAIL Internal Fail status

WARNING Internal Warning status

NUMFAIL CPU module Fail status

NUMWARNING CPU module Warning status

RTCERROR Real Time Clock status

TIMESYNCHERROR Time Synchronization status

RTEERROR Runtime Execution Error status

IEC61850ERROR IEC 61850 Error status

WATCHDOG SW Watchdog Error status

LMDERROR LON/Mip Device Error status

APPERROR Runtime Application Error status

SETCHGD Settings changed

SETGRPCHGD Setting groups changed

FTFERROR Fault Tolerant Filesystem status

Section 4 1MRK505222-UUS C Basic IED functions

80 Technical reference manual

Table 16: Self-supervision’s hardware dependent internal signals

Card Name of signal Description PSM PSM-Error Power Supply Module Error status

ADOne ADOne-Error Analog In Module Error status

BIM BIM-Error Binary In Module Error status

BOM BOM-Error Binary Out Module Error status

IOM IOM-Error In/Out Module Error status

MIM MIM-Error Millampere Input Module Error status

LDCM LDCM-Error Line Differential Communication Error status

Table 17: Explanations of internal signals

Name of signal Reasons for activation FAIL This signal will be active if one or more of the following internal

signals are active; NUMFAIL, LMDERROR, WATCHDOG, APPERROR, RTEERROR, FTFERROR, or any of the HW dependent signals

WARNING This signal will be active if one or more of the following internal signals are active; RTCERROR, IEC61850ERROR, TIMESYNCHERROR

NUMFAIL This signal will be active if one or more of the following internal signals are active; WATCHDOG, APPERROR, RTEERROR, FTFERROR

NUMWARNING This signal will be active if one or more of the following internal signals are active; RTCERROR, IEC61850ERROR

RTCERROR This signal will be active when there is a hardware error with the real time clock.

TIMESYNCHERROR This signal will be active when the source of the time synchronization is lost, or when the time system has to make a time reset.

RTEERROR This signal will be active if the Runtime Engine failed to do some actions with the application threads. The actions can be loading of settings or parameters for components, changing of setting groups, loading or unloading of application threads.

IEC61850ERROR This signal will be active if the IEC 61850 stack did not succeed in some actions like reading IEC 61850 configuration, startup, for example

WATCHDOG This signal will be activated when the terminal has been under too heavy load for at least 5 minutes. The operating systems background task is used for the measurements.

LMDERROR LON network interface, MIP/DPS, is in an unrecoverable error state.

APPERROR This signal will be active if one or more of the application threads are not in the state that Runtime Engine expects. The states can be CREATED, INITIALIZED, RUNNING, for example

Table continues on next page

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 4 Basic IED functions

81 Technical reference manual

Name of signal Reasons for activation SETCHGD This signal will generate an Internal Event to the Internal Event list if

any settings are changed.

SETGRPCHGD This signal will generate an Internal Event to the Internal Event list if any setting groups are changed.

FTFERROR This signal will be active if both the working file and the backup file are corrupted and can not be recovered.

4.2.2.2 Run-time model

The analog signals to the A/D converter is internally distributed into two different converters, one with low amplification and one with high amplification, see Figure 23.

u1

x2

x1

u1

x2

x1

ADx ControllerADx_High

ADx_Low ADx

IEC05000296-3-en.vsd IEC05000296 V3 EN

Figure 23: Simplified drawing of A/D converter for the IED.

The technique to split the analog input signal into two A/D converter(s) with different amplification makes it possible to supervise the A/D converters under normal conditions where the signals from the two A/D converters should be identical. An alarm is given if the signals are out of the boundaries. Another benefit is that it improves the dynamic performance of the A/D conversion.

The self-supervision of the A/D conversion is controlled by the ADx_Controller function. One of the tasks for the controller is to perform a validation of the input signals. This is done in a validation filter which has mainly two objects: First is the validation part that checks that the A/D conversion seems to work as expected. Secondly, the filter chooses which of the two signals that shall be sent to the CPU, that is the signal that has the most suitable signal level, the ADx_LO or the 16 times higher ADx_HI.

Section 4 1MRK505222-UUS C Basic IED functions

82 Technical reference manual

When the signal is within measurable limits on both channels, a direct comparison of the two A/D converter channels can be performed. If the validation fails, the CPU will be informed and an alarm will be given for A/D converter failure.

The ADx_Controller also supervise other parts of the A/D converter.

4.2.3 Function block

IEC09000787 V1 EN

Figure 24: INTERRSIG function block

4.2.4 Output signals Table 18: INTERRSIG Output signals

Name Type Description FAIL BOOLEAN Internal fail

WARNING BOOLEAN Internal warning

CPUFAIL BOOLEAN CPU fail

CPUWARN BOOLEAN CPU warning

4.2.5 Setting parameters The function does not have any parameters available in the local HMI or PCM600.

4.2.6 Technical data Table 19: Self supervision with internal event list

Data Value Recording manner Continuous, event controlled

List size 40 events, first in-first out

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 4 Basic IED functions

83 Technical reference manual

4.3 Time synchronization

4.3.1 Introduction The time synchronization source selector is used to select a common source of absolute time for the IED when it is a part of a protection system. This makes it possible to compare event and disturbance data between all IEDs in a station automation system. A common source shall be used for IED and merging unit when IEC 61850-9-2LE process bus communication is used.

Micro SCADA OPC server should not be used as a time synchronization source.

4.3.2 Principle of operation

4.3.2.1 General concepts

Time definitions The error of a clock is the difference between the actual time of the clock, and the time the clock is intended to have. Clock accuracy indicates the increase in error, that is, the time gained or lost by the clock. A disciplined clock knows its own faults and tries to compensate for them.

Design of the time system (clock synchronization) The time system is based on a software clock, which can be adjusted from external time sources and a hardware clock. The protection and control modules will be timed from a hardware clock, which runs independently from the software clock. See figure 25

Section 4 1MRK505222-UUS C Basic IED functions

84 Technical reference manual

SW-time

Time- Regulator

(fast or slow)

Time tagging and general synchronisation

Time- Regulator

(Setting, see

technical reference manual)

Comm- unication

Events

Synchronization for differential protection (ECHO-mode or GPS)

Diff.- comm-

unication

*IEC 61850-9-2

Connected when GPS-time is used for differential protection

IEC08000287-2-en.vsd

External Synchronization

sources

Trans- ducers*

LON

SPA

GPS

SNTP

IRIG-B

PPS

Off

Min. pulse

DNP

GPS

IRIG-B

PPS

Off

Protection and control functions

A/D converter

HW-time

IEC08000287 V2 EN

Figure 25: Design of time system (clock synchronization)

All time tagging is performed by the software clock. When for example a status signal is changed in the protection system with the function based on free running hardware clock, the event is time tagged by the software clock when it reaches the event recorder. Thus the hardware clock can run independently.

The echo mode for the differential protection is based on the hardware clock. Thus, there is no need to synchronize the hardware clock and the software clock.

The synchronization of the hardware clock and the software clock is necessary only when GPS or IRIG B 00X with optical fibre, IEEE 1344 is used for differential protection. The two clock systems are synchronized by a special clock synchronization unit with two modes, fast and slow. A special feature, an automatic fast clock time regulator is used. The automatic fast mode makes the synchronization time as short as possible during start up or at interruptions/disturbances in the GPS timing. The setting fast or slow is also available on the local HMI.

If a GPS clock is used for 670 series IEDs other than line differential RED670, the hardware and software clocks are not synchronized

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 4 Basic IED functions

85 Technical reference manual

Fast clock synchronization mode At startup and after interruptions in the GPS or IRIG B time signal, the clock deviation between the GPS time and the internal differential time system can be substantial. A new startup is also required after for example maintenance of the auxiliary voltage system.

When the time difference is >16s, the differential function is blocked and the time regulator for the hardware clock automatically uses a fast mode to synchronize the clock systems. The time adjustment is made with an exponential function, that is, big time adjustment steps in the beginning, then smaller steps until a time deviation between the GPS time and the differential time system of >16s has been reached. Then the differential function is enabled and the synchronization remains in fast mode or switches to slow mode, depending on the setting.

Slow clock synchronization mode During normal service, a setting with slow synchronization mode is normally used, which prevents the hardware clock to make too big time steps, >16s, emanating from the differential protection requirement of correct timing.

Synchronization principle From a general point of view synchronization can be seen as a hierarchical structure. A function is synchronized from a higher level and provides synchronization to lower levels.

Function

Synchronization from a higher level

Optional synchronization of modules at a lower level

IEC09000342-1-en.vsd IEC09000342 V1 EN

Figure 26: Synchronization principle

A function is said to be synchronized when it periodically receives synchronization messages from a higher level. As the level decreases, the accuracy of the synchronization decreases as well. A function can have several potential sources of synchronization, with different maximum errors. This gives the function the possibility

Section 4 1MRK505222-UUS C Basic IED functions

86 Technical reference manual

to choose the source with the best quality, and to adjust its internal clock after this source. The maximum error of a clock can be defined as:

The maximum error of the last used synchronization message The time since the last used synchronization message The rate accuracy of the internal clock in the function.

4.3.2.2 Real-time clock (RTC) operation

The IED has a built-in real-time clock (RTC) with a resolution of one second. The clock has a built-in calendar that handles leap years through 2038.

Real-time clock at power off During power off, the system time in the IED is kept by a capacitor-backed real-time clock that will provide 35 ppm accuracy for 5 days. This means that if the power is off, the time in the IED may drift with 3 seconds per day, during 5 days, and after this time the time will be lost completely.

Real-time clock at startup

Time synchronization startup procedure The first message that contains the full time (as for instance LON, SNTP and GPS) gives an accurate time to the IED. After the initial setting of the clock, one of three things happens with each of the coming synchronization messages configured as fine:

If the synchronization message, which is similar to the other messages, has an offset compared to the internal time in the IED, the message is used directly for synchronization, that is, for adjusting the internal clock to obtain zero offset at the next coming time message.

If the synchronization message has an offset that is large compared to the other messages, a spike-filter in the IED removes this time-message.

If the synchronization message has an offset that is large, and the following message also has a large offset, the spike filter does not act and the offset in the synchronization message is compared to a threshold that defaults to 100 milliseconds. If the offset is more than the threshold, the IED is brought into a safe state and the clock is set to the correct time. If the offset is lower than the threshold, the clock is adjusted with 1000 ppm until the offset is removed. With an adjustment of 1000 ppm, it takes 100 seconds or 1.7 minutes to remove an offset of 100 milliseconds.

Synchronization messages configured as coarse are only used for initial setting of the time. After this has been done, the messages are checked against the internal time and only an offset of more than 10 seconds resets the time.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 4 Basic IED functions

87 Technical reference manual

Rate accuracy In the IED, the rate accuracy at cold start is 100 ppm but if the IED is synchronized for a while, the rate accuracy is approximately 1 ppm if the surrounding temperature is constant. Normally, it takes 20 minutes to reach full accuracy.

Time-out on synchronization sources All synchronization interfaces has a time-out and a configured interface must receive time-messages regularly in order not to give an error signal (TSYNCERR). Normally, the time-out is set so that one message can be lost without getting a TSYNCERR, but if more than one message is lost, a TSYNCERR is given.

4.3.2.3 Synchronization alternatives

Three main alternatives of external time synchronization are available. The synchronization message is applied:

via any of the communication ports of the IED as a telegram message including date and time

as a minute pulse connected to a binary input via GPS

The minute pulse is used to fine tune already existing time in the IEDs.

Synchronization via SNTP SNTP provides a ping-pong method of synchronization. A message is sent from an IED to an SNTP server, and the SNTP server returns the message after filling in a reception time and a transmission time. SNTP operates via the normal Ethernet network that connects IEDs together in an IEC 61850 network. For SNTP to operate properly, there must be an SNTP server present, preferably in the same station. The SNTP synchronization provides an accuracy that gives +/- 1 ms accuracy for binary inputs. The IED itself can be set as an SNTP-time server.

SNTP server requirements The SNTP server to be used is connected to the local network, that is not more than 4-5 switches or routers away from the IED. The SNTP server is dedicated for its task, or at least equipped with a real-time operating system, that is not a PC with SNTP server software. The SNTP server should be stable, that is, either synchronized from a stable source like GPS, or local without synchronization. Using a local SNTP server without synchronization as primary or secondary server in a redundant configuration is not recommended.

Synchronization via Serial Communication Module (SLM) On the serial buses (both LON and SPA) two types of synchronization messages are sent.

Section 4 1MRK505222-UUS C Basic IED functions

88 Technical reference manual

Coarse message is sent every minute and comprises complete date and time, that is, year, month, day, hours, minutes, seconds and milliseconds.

Fine message is sent every second and comprises only seconds and milliseconds.

The SLM module is located on the AD conversion Module (ADM).

Synchronization via Built-in-GPS The built in GPS clock modules receives and decodes time information from the global positioning system. The modules are located on the GPS time synchronization Module (GTM).

Synchronization via binary input The IED accepts minute pulses to a binary input. These minute pulses can be generated from, for example station master clock. If the station master clock is not synchronized from a world wide source, time will be a relative time valid for the substation. Both positive and negative edge on the signal can be accepted. This signal is also considered as a fine time synchronization signal.

The minute pulse is connected to any channel on any Binary Input Module in the IED. The electrical characteristic is thereby the same as for any other binary input.

If the objective of synchronization is to achieve a relative time within the substation and if no station master clock with minute pulse output is available, a simple minute pulse generator can be designed and used for synchronization of the IEDs. The minute pulse generator can be created using the logical elements and timers available in the IED.

The definition of a minute pulse is that it occurs one minute after the last pulse. As only the flanks are detected, the flank of the minute pulse shall occur one minute after the last flank.

Binary minute pulses are checked with reference to frequency.

Pulse data:

Period time (a) should be 60 seconds. Pulse length (b):

Minimum pulse length should be >50 ms. Maximum pulse length is optional.

Magnitude (c) — please refer to section «Binary input module (BIM)».

Deviations in the period time larger than 50 ms will cause TSYNCERR.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 4 Basic IED functions

89 Technical reference manual

a

b

c

en05000251.vsd IEC05000251 V1 EN

Figure 27: Binary minute pulses

The default time-out-time for a minute pulse is two minutes, and if no valid minute pulse is received within two minutes a SYNCERR will be given.

If contact bounce occurs, only the first pulse will be detected as a minute pulse. The next minute pulse will be registered first 60 s — 50 ms after the last contact bounce.

If the minute pulses are perfect, for example, it is exactly 60 seconds between the pulses, contact bounces might occur 49 ms after the actual minute pulse without effecting the system. If contact bounce occurs more than 50 ms, for example, it is less than 59950 ms between the two most adjacent positive (or negative) flanks, the minute pulse will not be accepted.

Binary synchronization example An IED is configured to use only binary input, and a valid binary input is applied to a binary input card. The HMI is used to tell the IED the approximate time and the minute pulse is used to synchronize the IED thereafter. The definition of a minute pulse is that it occurs one minute after the previous minute pulse, so the first minute pulse is not used at all. The second minute pulse will probably be rejected due to the spike filter. The third pulse will give the IED a good time and will reset the time so that the fourth minute pulse will occur on a minute border. After the first three minutes, the time in the IED will be good if the coarse time is set properly via the HMI or the RTC backup still keeps the time since last up-time. If the minute pulse is removed for instance for an hour, the internal time will drift by maximum the error rate in the internal clock. If the minute pulse is returned, the first pulse automatically is rejected. The second pulse will possibly be rejected due to the spike filter. The third pulse will either synchronize the time, if the time offset is more than 100 ms, or adjust the time, if the time offset is small enough. If the time is set, the application will be brought to a safe state before the time is set. If the time is adjusted, the time will reach its destination within 1.7 minutes.

Section 4 1MRK505222-UUS C Basic IED functions

90 Technical reference manual

Synchronization via IRIG-B IRIG-B is a protocol used only for time synchronization. A clock can provide local time of the year in this format. The B in IRIG-B states that 100 bits per second are transmitted, and the message is sent every second. After IRIG-B there numbers stating if and how the signal is modulated and the information transmitted.

To receive IRIG-B there are two connectors in the IRIG-B module, one galvanic BNC connector and one optical ST connector. IRIG-B 12x messages can be supplied via the galvanic interface, and IRIG-B 00x messages can be supplied via either the galvanic interface or the optical interface, where x (in 00x or 12x) means a number in the range of 1-7.

00 means that a base band is used, and the information can be fed into the IRIG-B module via the BNC contact or an optical fiber. 12 means that a 1 kHz modulation is used. In this case the information must go into the module via the BNC connector.

If the x in 00x or 12x is 4, 5, 6 or 7, the time message from IRIG-B contains information of the year. If x is 0, 1, 2 or 3, the information contains only the time within the year, and year information has to come from PCM600 or local HMI.

The IRIG-B module also takes care of IEEE1344 messages that are sent by IRIG-B clocks, as IRIG-B previously did not have any year information. IEEE1344 is compatible with IRIG-B and contains year information and information of the time-zone.

It is recommended to use IEEE 1344 for supplying time information to the IRIG-B module. In this case, send also the local time in the messages, as this local time plus the TZ Offset supplied in the message equals UTC at all times.

4.3.2.4 Process bus IEC 61850-9-2LE synchronization

For the time synchronization of the process bus communication (IEC 61850-9-2LE protocol) an optical PPS or IRIG-B signal can be used. This signal should emanate from either an external GPS clock, or from the merging unit.

An optical PPS signal can be supplied to the optical interface of the IRIG-B module.

4.3.3 Function block

IEC05000425-2-en.vsd

TIMEERR TSYNCERR

RTCERR

IEC05000425 V2 EN

Figure 28: TIMEERR function block

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 4 Basic IED functions

91 Technical reference manual

4.3.4 Output signals Table 20: TIMEERR Output signals

Name Type Description TSYNCERR BOOLEAN Time synchronization error

RTCERR BOOLEAN Real time clock error

4.3.5 Setting parameters Path in the local HMI is located under Main menu/Setting/Time

Path in PCM600 is located under Main menu/Settings/Time/Synchronization

Table 21: TIMESYNCHGEN Non group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description CoarseSyncSrc Disabled

SPA LON SNTP DNP

— — Disabled Coarse time synchronization source

FineSyncSource Disabled SPA LON BIN GPS GPS+SPA GPS+LON GPS+BIN SNTP GPS+SNTP IRIG-B GPS+IRIG-B PPS

— — Disabled Fine time synchronization source

SyncMaster Disabled SNTP-Server

— — Disabled Activate IED as synchronization master

TimeAdjustRate Slow Fast

— — Fast Adjust rate for time synchronization

HWSyncSrc Disabled GPS IRIG-B PPS

— — Disabled Hardware time synchronization source

AppSynch NoSynch Synch

— — NoSynch Time synchronization mode for application

SyncAccLevel Class T5 (1us) Class T4 (4us) Unspecified

— — Unspecified Wanted time synchronization accuracy

Section 4 1MRK505222-UUS C Basic IED functions

92 Technical reference manual

Table 22: SYNCHBIN Non group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description ModulePosition 3 — 16 — 1 3 Hardware position of IO module for time

synchronization

BinaryInput 1 — 16 — 1 1 Binary input number for time synchronization

BinDetection PositiveEdge NegativeEdge

— — PositiveEdge Positive or negative edge detection

Table 23: SYNCHSNTP Non group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description ServerIP-Add 0 — 18 IP

Address 1 0.0.0.0 Server IP-address

RedServIP-Add 0 — 18 IP Address

1 0.0.0.0 Redundant server IP-address

Table 24: DSTBEGIN Non group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description MonthInYear January

February March April May June July August September October November December

— — March Month in year when daylight time starts

DayInWeek Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

— — Sunday Day in week when daylight time starts

WeekInMonth Last First Second Third Fourth

— — Last Week in month when daylight time starts

UTCTimeOfDay 0 — 172800 s 1 3600 UTC Time of day in seconds when daylight time starts

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 4 Basic IED functions

93 Technical reference manual

Table 25: DSTEND Non group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description MonthInYear January

February March April May June July August September October November December

— — October Month in year when daylight time ends

DayInWeek Sunday Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday

— — Sunday Day in week when daylight time ends

WeekInMonth Last First Second Third Fourth

— — Last Week in month when daylight time ends

UTCTimeOfDay 0 — 172800 s 1 3600 UTC Time of day in seconds when daylight time ends

Table 26: TIMEZONE Non group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description NoHalfHourUTC -24 — 24 — 1 0 Number of half-hours from UTC

Table 27: SYNCHIRIG-B Non group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description SynchType BNC

Opto — — Opto Type of synchronization

TimeDomain LocalTime UTC

— — LocalTime Time domain

Encoding IRIG-B 1344 1344TZ

— — IRIG-B Type of encoding

TimeZoneAs1344 MinusTZ PlusTZ

— — PlusTZ Time zone as in 1344 standard

Section 4 1MRK505222-UUS C Basic IED functions

94 Technical reference manual

4.3.6 Technical data Table 28: Time synchronization, time tagging

Function Value Time tagging resolution, events and sampled measurement values 1 ms

Time tagging error with synchronization once/min (minute pulse synchronization), events and sampled measurement values

1.0 ms typically

Time tagging error with SNTP synchronization, sampled measurement values

1.0 ms typically

4.4 Parameter setting groups

4.4.1 Introduction Use the six different groups of settings to optimize the IED operation for different power system conditions. Creating and switching between fine-tuned setting sets, either from the local HMI or configurable binary inputs, results in a highly adaptable IED that can cope with a variety of power system scenarios.

4.4.2 Principle of operation Parameter setting groups ActiveGroup function has six functional inputs, each corresponding to one of the setting groups stored in the IED. Activation of any of these inputs changes the active setting group. Seven functional output signals are available for configuration purposes, so that up to date information on the active setting group is always available.

A setting group is selected by using the local HMI, from a front connected personal computer, remotely from the station control or station monitoring system or by activating the corresponding input to the ActiveGroup function block.

Each input of the function block can be configured to connect to any of the binary inputs in the IED. To do this PCM600 must be used.

The external control signals are used for activating a suitable setting group when adaptive functionality is necessary. Input signals that should activate setting groups must be either permanent or a pulse exceeding 400 ms.

More than one input may be activated at the same time. In such cases the lower order setting group has priority. This means that if for example both group four and group two are set to activate, group two will be the one activated.

Every time the active group is changed, the output signal GRP_CHGD is sending a pulse.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 4 Basic IED functions

95 Technical reference manual

The parameter MAXSETGR defines the maximum number of setting groups in use to switch between.

ANSI05000119-2-en.vsd

IOx-Bly1

IOx-Bly2

IOx-Bly3

IOx-Bly4

+RL2

ACTIVATE GROUP 4 ACTIVATE GROUP 3 ACTIVATE GROUP 2

ACTIVATE GROUP 1

ACTGRP1

ACTGRP2

ACTGRP3

ACTGRP4

GRP1

GRP2

GRP3

GRP4

ActiveGroup

ACTGRP5

ACTGRP6 GRP5

GRP6

IOx-Bly5

IOx-Bly6

ACTIVATE GROUP 5 ACTIVATE GROUP 6

GRP_CHGD

ANSI05000119 V2 EN

Figure 29: Connection of the function to external circuits

The above example also includes seven output signals, for confirmation of which group that is active.

SETGRPS function block has an input where the number of setting groups used is defined. Switching can only be done within that number of groups. The number of setting groups selected to be used will be filtered so only the setting groups used will be shown on the Parameter Setting Tool.

4.4.3 Function block

ANSI05000433-2-en.vsd

ActiveGroup ACTGRP1 ACTGRP2 ACTGRP3 ACTGRP4 ACTGRP5 ACTGRP6

GRP1 GRP2 GRP3 GRP4 GRP5 GRP6

GRP_CHGD

ANSI05000433 V2 EN

Figure 30: ActiveGroup function block

Section 4 1MRK505222-UUS C Basic IED functions

96 Technical reference manual

IEC05000716_2_en.vsd

SETGRPS MAXSETGR

IEC05000716 V2 EN

Figure 31: SETGRPS function block

4.4.4 Input and output signals Table 29: ActiveGroup Input signals

Name Type Default Description ACTGRP1 BOOLEAN 0 Selects setting group 1 as active

ACTGRP2 BOOLEAN 0 Selects setting group 2 as active

ACTGRP3 BOOLEAN 0 Selects setting group 3 as active

ACTGRP4 BOOLEAN 0 Selects setting group 4 as active

ACTGRP5 BOOLEAN 0 Selects setting group 5 as active

ACTGRP6 BOOLEAN 0 Selects setting group 6 as active

Table 30: ActiveGroup Output signals

Name Type Description GRP1 BOOLEAN Setting group 1 is active

GRP2 BOOLEAN Setting group 2 is active

GRP3 BOOLEAN Setting group 3 is active

GRP4 BOOLEAN Setting group 4 is active

GRP5 BOOLEAN Setting group 5 is active

GRP6 BOOLEAN Setting group 6 is active

GRP_CHGD BOOLEAN Pulse when setting changed

4.4.5 Setting parameters Table 31: ActiveGroup Non group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description t 0.0 — 10.0 s 0.1 1.0 Pulse length of pulse when setting changed

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 4 Basic IED functions

97 Technical reference manual

Table 32: SETGRPS Non group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description ActiveSetGrp SettingGroup1

SettingGroup2 SettingGroup3 SettingGroup4 SettingGroup5 SettingGroup6

— — SettingGroup1 ActiveSettingGroup

MAXSETGR 1 — 6 No 1 1 Max number of setting groups 1-6

4.5 ChangeLock function CHNGLCK

4.5.1 Introduction Change lock function (CHNGLCK) is used to block further changes to the IED configuration and settings once the commissioning is complete. The purpose is to block inadvertent IED configuration changes beyond a certain point in time.

4.5.2 Principle of operation The Change lock function (CHNGLCK) is configured using ACT.

The function, when activated, will still allow the following changes of the IED state that does not involve reconfiguring of the IED:

Monitoring Reading events Resetting events Reading disturbance data Clear disturbances Reset LEDs Reset counters and other runtime component states Control operations Set system time Enter and exit from test mode Change of active setting group

The binary input signal LOCK controlling the function is defined in ACT or SMT:

Section 4 1MRK505222-UUS C Basic IED functions

98 Technical reference manual

Binary input Function 1 Activated

0 Deactivated

4.5.3 Function block

IEC09000946-1-en.vsd

CHNGLCK LOCK

IEC09000946 V1 EN

Figure 32: CHNGLCK function block

4.5.4 Input and output signals Table 33: CHNGLCK Input signals

Name Type Default Description LOCK BOOLEAN 0 Parameter change lock

4.5.5 Setting parameters Table 34: CHNGLCK Non group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description Operation LockHMI and Com

LockHMI, EnableCom EnableHMI, LockCom

— — LockHMI and Com Operation mode of change lock

4.6 Test mode functionality TEST

4.6.1 Introduction When the Test mode functionality TESTMODE is activated, all the functions in the IED are automatically blocked. It is then possible to unblock every function(s) individually from the local HMI to perform required tests.

When leaving TESTMODE, all blockings are removed and the IED resumes normal operation. However, if during TESTMODE operation, power is removed and later

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 4 Basic IED functions

99 Technical reference manual

restored, the IED will remain in TESTMODE with the same protection functions blocked or unblocked as before the power was removed. All testing will be done with actually set and configured values within the IED. No settings will be changed, thus mistakes are avoided.

4.6.2 Principle of operation Put the IED into test mode to test functions in the IED. Set the IED in test mode by

configuration, activating the input SIGNAL on the function block TESTMODE. setting TestMode to Enabled in the local HMI, under Main menu/TEST/IED test

mode.

While the IED is in test mode, the ACTIVE of the function block TESTMODE is activated. The other outputs of the function block TESTMODE shows the cause of the «Test mode: Enabled» state input from configuration (OUTPUT output is activated) or setting from local HMI (SETTING output is activated).

While the IED is in test mode, the yellow PICKUP LED will flash and all functions are blocked. Any function can be unblocked individually regarding functionality and event signalling.

Most of the functions in the IED can individually be blocked by means of settings from the local HMI. To enable these blockings the IED must be set in test mode (output ACTIVE is activated), see example in figure 33. When leaving the test mode, that is entering normal mode, these blockings are disabled and everything is set to normal operation. All testing will be done with actually set and configured values within the IED. No settings will be changed, thus no mistakes are possible.

The blocked functions will still be blocked next time entering the test mode, if the blockings were not reset.

The blocking of a function concerns all output signals from the actual function, so no outputs will be activated.

When a binary input is used to set the IED in test mode and a parameter, that requires restart of the application, is changed, the IED will re-enter test mode and all functions will be blocked, also functions that were unblocked before the change. During the re-entering to test mode, all functions will be temporarily unblocked for a short time, which might lead to unwanted operations. This is only valid if the IED is put in TEST mode by a binary input, not by local HMI.

The TESTMODE function block might be used to automatically block functions when a test handle is inserted in a test switch. A contact in the test switch (RTXP24 contact

Section 4 1MRK505222-UUS C Basic IED functions

100 Technical reference manual

29-30) or an FT switch finger can supply a binary input which in turn is configured to the TESTMODE function block.

Each of the functions includes the blocking from the TESTMODE function block. A typical example from the undervoltage function is shown in figure 33.

The functions can also be blocked from sending events over IEC 61850 station bus to prevent filling station and SCADA databases with test events, for example during a maintenance test.

Time

V

Normal voltage

Pickup1

Pickup2

IntBlkStVal1

IntBlkStVal2

Disconnection

tBlkUV1 < t1,t1Min

tBlkUV2 < t2,t2Min

Block step 1

Block step 2 en05000466_ansi.vsd

ANSI05000466 V1 EN

Figure 33: Example of blocking the time delayed undervoltage protection function.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 4 Basic IED functions

101 Technical reference manual

4.6.3 Function block TESTMODE

INPUT ACTIVE OUTPUT SETTING

NOEVENT

IEC09000219-1.vsd IEC09000219 V1 EN

Figure 34: TESTMODE function block

4.6.4 Input and output signals Table 35: TESTMODE Input signals

Name Type Default Description INPUT BOOLEAN 0 Sets terminal in test mode when active

Table 36: TESTMODE Output signals

Name Type Description ACTIVE BOOLEAN IED in test mode when active

OUTPUT BOOLEAN Test input is active

SETTING BOOLEAN Test mode setting is (Enabled) or not (Disabled)

NOEVENT BOOLEAN Event disabled during testmode

4.6.5 Setting parameters Table 37: TESTMODE Non group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description TestMode Disabled

Enabled — — Disabled Test mode in operation (Enabled) or not

(Disabled)

EventDisable Disabled Enabled

— — Disabled Event disable during testmode

CmdTestBit Disabled Enabled

— — Disabled Command bit for test required or not during testmode

Section 4 1MRK505222-UUS C Basic IED functions

102 Technical reference manual

4.7 IED identifiers

4.7.1 Introduction IED identifiers (TERMINALID) function allows the user to identify the individual IED in the system, not only in the substation, but in a whole region or a country.

Use only characters A-Z, a-z and 0-9 in station, object and unit names.

4.7.2 Setting parameters Table 38: TERMINALID Non group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description StationName 0 — 18 — 1 Station name Station name

StationNumber 0 — 99999 — 1 0 Station number

ObjectName 0 — 18 — 1 Object name Object name

ObjectNumber 0 — 99999 — 1 0 Object number

UnitName 0 — 18 — 1 Unit name Unit name

UnitNumber 0 — 99999 — 1 0 Unit number

4.8 Product information

4.8.1 Introduction The Product identifiers function identifies the IED. The function has seven pre-set, settings that are unchangeable but nevertheless very important:

IEDProdType ProductDef FirmwareVer SerialNo OrderingNo ProductionDate

The settings are visible on the local HMI , under Main menu/Diagnostics/IED status/ Product identifiers

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 4 Basic IED functions

103 Technical reference manual

They are very helpful in case of support process (such as repair or maintenance).

4.8.2 Setting parameters The function does not have any parameters available in the local HMI or PCM600.

4.8.3 Factory defined settings The factory defined settings are very useful for identifying a specific version and very helpful in the case of maintenance, repair, interchanging IEDs between different Substation Automation Systems and upgrading. The factory made settings can not be changed by the customer. They can only be viewed. The settings are found in the local HMI under Main menu/Diagnostics/IED status/Product identifiers

The following identifiers are available:

IEDProdType Describes the type of the IED (like REL, REC or RET). Example: REL670

FirmwareVer Describes the firmware version. Example: 1.4.51 Firmware versions numbers are running independently from the release

production numbers. For every release numbers (like 1.5.0.17) there can be one or more firmware versions, depending on the small issues corrected in between releases.

IEDMainFunType Main function type code according to IEC 60870-5-103. Example: 128

(meaning line protection). SerialNo OrderingNo ProductionDate

4.9 Signal matrix for binary inputs SMBI

4.9.1 Introduction The Signal matrix for binary inputs (SMBI) function is used within the Application Configuration Tool (ACT) in direct relation with the Signal Matrix Tool (SMT), see

Section 4 1MRK505222-UUS C Basic IED functions

104 Technical reference manual

the application manual to get information about how binary inputs are brought in for one IED configuration.

4.9.2 Principle of operation The Signal matrix for binary inputs (SMBI) function , see figure 35, receives its inputs from the real (hardware) binary inputs via the Signal Matrix Tool (SMT), and makes them available to the rest of the configuration via its outputs, BI1 to BI10. The inputs and outputs, as well as the whole block, can be given a user defined name. These names will be represented in SMT as information which signals shall be connected between physical IO and SMBI function. The input/output user defined name will also appear on the respective output/input signal.

4.9.3 Function block

IEC05000434-2-en.vsd

SMBI ^VIN1 ^VIN2 ^VIN3 ^VIN4 ^VIN5 ^VIN6 ^VIN7 ^VIN8 ^VIN9 ^VIN10

^BI1 ^BI2 ^BI3 ^BI4 ^BI5 ^BI6 ^BI7 ^BI8 ^BI9

^BI10

IEC05000434 V2 EN

Figure 35: SMBI function block

4.9.4 Input and output signals Table 39: SMBI Input signals

Name Type Default Description VIn1 BOOLEAN 0 SMT Connect input

VIn2 BOOLEAN 0 SMT Connect input

VIn3 BOOLEAN 0 SMT Connect input

VIn4 BOOLEAN 0 SMT Connect input

VIn5 BOOLEAN 0 SMT Connect input

VIn6 BOOLEAN 0 SMT Connect input

VIn7 BOOLEAN 0 SMT Connect input

VIn8 BOOLEAN 0 SMT Connect input

VIn9 BOOLEAN 0 SMT Connect input

VIn10 BOOLEAN 0 SMT Connect input

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 4 Basic IED functions

105 Technical reference manual

Table 40: SMBI Output signals

Name Type Description BI1 BOOLEAN Binary input 1

BI2 BOOLEAN Binary input 2

BI3 BOOLEAN Binary input 3

BI4 BOOLEAN Binary input 4

BI5 BOOLEAN Binary input 5

BI6 BOOLEAN Binary input 6

BI7 BOOLEAN Binary input 7

BI8 BOOLEAN Binary input 8

BI9 BOOLEAN Binary input 9

BI10 BOOLEAN Binary input 10

4.10 Signal matrix for binary outputs SMBO

4.10.1 Introduction The Signal matrix for binary outputs (SMBO) function is used within the Application Configuration Tool (ACT) in direct relation with the Signal Matrix Tool (SMT), see the application manual to get information about how binary inputs are sent from one IED configuration.

4.10.2 Principle of operation The Signal matrix for binary outputs (SMBO) function , see figure 36, receives logical signal from the IED configuration, which is transferring to the real (hardware) outputs, via the Signal Matrix Tool (SMT). The inputs in SMBO are BO1 to BO10 and they, as well as the whole function block, can be tag-named. The name tags will appear in SMT as information which signals shall be connected between physical IO and the SMBO.

It is important that SMBO inputs are connected when SMBOs are connected to physical outputs through the Signal Matrix Tool. If SMBOs are connected (in SMT) but their inputs not, all the physical outputs will be set by default. This might cause malfunction of primary equipment and/or injury to personnel.

Section 4 1MRK505222-UUS C Basic IED functions

106 Technical reference manual

4.10.3 Function block

IEC05000439-2-en.vsd

SMBO BO1 BO2 BO3 BO4 BO5 BO6 BO7 BO8 BO9 BO10

^BO1 ^BO2 ^BO3 ^BO4 ^BO5 ^BO6 ^BO7 ^BO8 ^BO9

^BO10

IEC05000439 V2 EN

Figure 36: SMBO function block

4.10.4 Input and output signals Table 41: SMBO Input signals

Name Type Default Description BO1 BOOLEAN 1 Signal name for BO1 in Signal Matrix Tool

BO2 BOOLEAN 1 Signal name for BO2 in Signal Matrix Tool

BO3 BOOLEAN 1 Signal name for BO3 in Signal Matrix Tool

BO4 BOOLEAN 1 Signal name for BO4 in Signal Matrix Tool

BO5 BOOLEAN 1 Signal name for BO5 in Signal Matrix Tool

BO6 BOOLEAN 1 Signal name for BO6 in Signal Matrix Tool

BO7 BOOLEAN 1 Signal name for BO7 in Signal Matrix Tool

BO8 BOOLEAN 1 Signal name for BO8 in Signal Matrix Tool

BO9 BOOLEAN 1 Signal name for BO9 in Signal Matrix Tool

BO10 BOOLEAN 1 Signal name for BO10 in Signal Matrix Tool

4.11 Signal matrix for mA inputs SMMI

4.11.1 Introduction The Signal matrix for mA inputs (SMMI) function is used within the Application Configuration Tool (ACT) in direct relation with the Signal Matrix Tool (SMT), see the application manual to get information about how milliamp (mA) inputs are brought in for one IED configuration.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 4 Basic IED functions

107 Technical reference manual

4.11.2 Principle of operation The Signal matrix for mA inputs (SMMI) function, see figure 37, receives its inputs from the real (hardware) mA inputs via the Signal Matrix Tool (SMT), and makes them available to the rest of the configuration via its analog outputs, named AI1 to AI6. The inputs, as well as the whole block, can be tag-named. These tags will be represented in SMT.

The outputs on SMMI are normally connected to the IEC61850 generic communication I/O functions (MVGGIO) function for further use of the mA signals.

4.11.3 Function block

IEC05000440-2-en.vsd

SMMI ^VIN1 ^VIN2 ^VIN3 ^VIN4 ^VIN5 ^VIN6

AI1 AI2 AI3 AI4 AI5 AI6

IEC05000440 V2 EN

Figure 37: SMMI function block

4.11.4 Input and output signals Table 42: SMMI Input signals

Name Type Default Description VIn1 REAL 0 SMT connected milliampere input

VIn2 REAL 0 SMT connected milliampere input

VIn3 REAL 0 SMT connected milliampere input

VIn4 REAL 0 SMT connected milliampere input

VIn5 REAL 0 SMT connected milliampere input

VIn6 REAL 0 SMT connected milliampere input

Table 43: SMMI Output signals

Name Type Description AI1 REAL Analog milliampere input 1

AI2 REAL Analog milliampere input 2

AI3 REAL Analog milliampere input 3

Table continues on next page

Section 4 1MRK505222-UUS C Basic IED functions

108 Technical reference manual

Name Type Description AI4 REAL Analog milliampere input 4

AI5 REAL Analog milliampere input 5

AI6 REAL Analog milliampere input 6

4.12 Signal matrix for analog inputs SMAI

4.12.1 Introduction Signal matrix for analog inputs function (SMAI), also known as the preprocessor function, processes the analog signals connected to it and gives information about all aspects of the analog signals connected, like the RMS value, phase angle, frequency, harmonic content, sequence components and so on. This information is then used by the respective functions in ACT (for example protection, measurement or monitoring).

The SMAI function is used within PCM600 in direct relation with the Signal Matrix tool or the Application Configuration tool.

4.12.2 Principle of operation Every Signal matrix for analog inputs function (SMAI) can receive four analog signals (three phases and one neutral value), either voltage or current, see figure 39 and figure 40. SMAI outputs give information about every aspect of the 3ph analog signals acquired (phase angle, RMS value, frequency and frequency derivates etc. 244 values in total). The BLOCK input will reset all outputs to 0.

The output signal AI1 to AI4 are direct output of the, in SMT, connected input to GRPx_A, GRPxB, GRPxC and GRPx_N, x=1-12. AIN is always the neutral current, calculated residual sum or the signal connected to GRPx_N. Note that function block will always calculate the residual sum of current/voltage if the input is not connected in SMT. Applications with a few exceptions shall always be connected to AI3P.

4.12.3 Frequency values The frequency functions includes a functionality based on level of positive sequence voltage, IntBlockLevel, to validate if the frequency measurement is valid or not. If positive sequence voltage is lower than IntBlockLevel the function is blocked. IntBlockLevel, is set in % of VBase/3

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 4 Basic IED functions

109 Technical reference manual

If SMAI setting ConnectionType is Ph-Ph at least two of the inputs GRPx_A, GRPx_B and GRPx_C must be connected in order to calculate positive sequence voltage. If SMAI setting ConnectionType is Ph-N, all three inputs GRPx_A, GRPx_B and GRPx_C must be connected in order to calculate positive sequence voltage.

If only one phase-phase voltage is available and SMAI setting ConnectionType is Ph- Ph the user is advised to connect two (not three) of the inputs GRPx_A, GRPx_B and GRPx_C to the same voltage input as shown in figure 38 to make SMAI calculating a positive sequence voltage (that is input voltage/3).

IEC10000060-1-en.vsd

IEC10000060 V1 EN

Figure 38: Connection example

The above described scenario does not work if SMAI setting ConnectionType is Ph-N. If only one phase-ground voltage is available, the same type of connection can be used but the SMAI ConnectionType setting must still be Ph-Ph and this has to be accounted for when setting IntBlockLevel. If SMAI setting ConnectionType is Ph-N and the same voltage is connected to all three SMAI inputs, the positive sequence voltage will be zero and the frequency functions will not work properly.

The outputs from the above configured SMAI block shall only be used for Overfrequency protection (SAPTOF, 81), Underfrequency protection (SAPTUF, 81) and Rate-of-change frequency protection (SAPFRC, 81) due to that all other information except frequency and positive sequence voltage might be wrongly calculated.

Section 4 1MRK505222-UUS C Basic IED functions

110 Technical reference manual

4.12.4 Function block

ANSI05000705-1-en.vsd

SMAI1 BLOCK DFTSPFC ^GRP1_A ^GRP1_B ^GRP1_C ^GRP1_N TYPE

SPFCOUT AI3P

AI1 AI2 AI3 AI4 AIN

ANSI05000705 V1 EN

Figure 39: SMAI1 function block

ANSI07000130-1-en.vsd

SMAI2 BLOCK ^GRP2_A ^GRP2_B ^GRP2_C ^GRP2_N TYPE

AI3P AI1 AI2 AI3 AI4 AIN

ANSI07000130 V1 EN

Figure 40: SMAI2 function block

4.12.5 Input and output signals Table 44: SMAI1 Input signals

Name Type Default Description BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block group 1

DFTSPFC REAL 20.0 Number of samples per fundamental cycle used for DFT calculation

GRP1_A STRING — Sample input to be used for group 1 phase A calculations

GRP1_B STRING — Sample input to be used for group 1 phase B calculations

GRP1_C STRING — Sample input to be used for group 1 phase C calculations

GRP1_N STRING — Sample input to be used for group 1 residual calculations

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 4 Basic IED functions

111 Technical reference manual

Table 45: SMAI1 Output signals

Name Type Description SPFCOUT REAL Number of samples per fundamental cycle from

internal DFT reference function

AI3P GROUP SIGNAL Group 1 analog input 3-phase group

AI1 GROUP SIGNAL Group 1 analog input 1

AI2 GROUP SIGNAL Group 1 analog input 2

AI3 GROUP SIGNAL Group 1 analog input 3

AI4 GROUP SIGNAL Group 1 analog input 4

AIN GROUP SIGNAL Group 1 analog input residual for disturbance recorder

Table 46: SMAI2 Input signals

Name Type Default Description BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block group 2

GRP2_A STRING — Sample input to be used for group 2 phase A calculations

GRP2_B STRING — Sample input to be used for group 2 phase B calculations

GRP2_C STRING — Sample input to be used for group 2 phase C calculations

GRP2_N STRING — Sample input to be used for group 2 residual calculations

Table 47: SMAI2 Output signals

Name Type Description AI3P GROUP SIGNAL Group 2 analog input 3-phase group

AI1 GROUP SIGNAL Group 2 analog input 1

AI2 GROUP SIGNAL Group 2 analog input 2

AI3 GROUP SIGNAL Group 2 analog input 3

AI4 GROUP SIGNAL Group 2 analog input 4

AIN GROUP SIGNAL Group 2 analog input residual for disturbance recorder

4.12.6 Setting parameters

Settings DFTRefExtOut and DFTReference shall be set to default value InternalDFTRef if no VT inputs are available. Internal nominal frequency DFT reference is then the reference.

Section 4 1MRK505222-UUS C Basic IED functions

112 Technical reference manual

Table 48: SMAI1 Non group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description DFTRefExtOut InternalDFTRef

AdDFTRefCh1 AdDFTRefCh2 AdDFTRefCh3 AdDFTRefCh4 AdDFTRefCh5 AdDFTRefCh6 AdDFTRefCh7 AdDFTRefCh8 AdDFTRefCh9 AdDFTRefCh10 AdDFTRefCh11 AdDFTRefCh12 External DFT ref

— — InternalDFTRef DFT reference for external output

DFTReference InternalDFTRef AdDFTRefCh1 AdDFTRefCh2 AdDFTRefCh3 AdDFTRefCh4 AdDFTRefCh5 AdDFTRefCh6 AdDFTRefCh7 AdDFTRefCh8 AdDFTRefCh9 AdDFTRefCh10 AdDFTRefCh11 AdDFTRefCh12 External DFT ref

— — InternalDFTRef DFT reference

ConnectionType Ph-N Ph-Ph

— — Ph-N Input connection type

TYPE 1 — 2 Ch 1 1 1=Voltage, 2=Current

Table 49: SMAI1 Non group settings (advanced)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description Negation Disabled

NegateN Negate3Ph Negate3Ph+N

— — Disabled Negation

MinValFreqMeas 5 — 200 % 1 10 Limit for frequency calculation in % of VBase

VBase 0.05 — 2000.00 kV 0.05 400.00 Base voltage

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 4 Basic IED functions

113 Technical reference manual

Table 50: SMAI2 Non group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description DFTReference InternalDFTRef

AdDFTRefCh1 AdDFTRefCh2 AdDFTRefCh3 AdDFTRefCh4 AdDFTRefCh5 AdDFTRefCh6 AdDFTRefCh7 AdDFTRefCh8 AdDFTRefCh9 AdDFTRefCh10 AdDFTRefCh11 AdDFTRefCh12 External DFT ref

— — InternalDFTRef DFT reference

ConnectionType Ph-N Ph-Ph

— — Ph-N Input connection type

TYPE 1 — 2 Ch 1 1 1=Voltage, 2=Current

Table 51: SMAI2 Non group settings (advanced)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description Negation Disabled

NegateN Negate3Ph Negate3Ph+N

— — Disabled Negation

MinValFreqMeas 5 — 200 % 1 10 Limit for frequency calculation in % of VBase

VBase 0.05 — 2000.00 kV 0.05 400.00 Base voltage

4.13 Summation block 3 phase 3PHSUM

4.13.1 Introduction Summation block 3 phase function 3PHSUM is used to get the sum of two sets of three- phase analog signals (of the same type) for those IED functions that might need it.

4.13.2 Principle of operation Summation block 3 phase 3PHSUM receives the three-phase signals from Signal matrix for analog inputs function (SMAI). In the same way, the BLOCK input will reset all the outputs of the function to 0.

Section 4 1MRK505222-UUS C Basic IED functions

114 Technical reference manual

4.13.3 Function block

IEC05000441-2-en.vsd

3PHSUM BLOCK DFTSPFC G1AI3P* G2AI3P*

AI3P AI1 AI2 AI3 AI4

IEC05000441 V2 EN

Figure 41: 3PHSUM function block

4.13.4 Input and output signals Table 52: 3PHSUM Input signals

Name Type Default Description BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block

DFTSPFC REAL 0 Number of samples per fundamental cycle used for DFT calculation

G1AI3P GROUP SIGNAL

— Group 1 analog input 3-phase group

G2AI3P GROUP SIGNAL

— Group 2 analog input 3-phase group

Table 53: 3PHSUM Output signals

Name Type Description AI3P GROUP SIGNAL Group analog input 3-phase group

AI1 GROUP SIGNAL Group 1 analog input

AI2 GROUP SIGNAL Group 2 analog input

AI3 GROUP SIGNAL Group 3 analog input

AI4 GROUP SIGNAL Group 4 analog input

4.13.5 Setting parameters

Settings DFTRefExtOut and DFTReference shall be set to default value InternalDFTRef if no VT inputs are available.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 4 Basic IED functions

115 Technical reference manual

Table 54: 3PHSUM Non group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description SummationType Group1+Group2

Group1-Group2 Group2-Group1 -(Group1+Group2)

— — Group1+Group2 Summation type

DFTReference InternalDFTRef AdDFTRefCh1 External DFT ref

— — InternalDFTRef DFT reference

Table 55: 3PHSUM Non group settings (advanced)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description FreqMeasMinVal 5 — 200 % 1 10 Magnitude limit for frequency calculation in %

of Vbase

VBase 0.05 — 2000.00 kV 0.05 400.00 Base voltage

4.14 Authority status ATHSTAT

4.14.1 Introduction Authority status (ATHSTAT) function is an indication function block for user log-on activity.

4.14.2 Principle of operation Authority status (ATHSTAT) function informs about two events related to the IED and the user authorization:

the fact that at least one user has tried to log on wrongly into the IED and it was blocked (the output USRBLKED)

the fact that at least one user is logged on (the output LOGGEDON)

Whenever one of the two events occurs, the corresponding output (USRBLKED or LOGGEDON) is activated. The output can for example, be connected on Event (EVENT) function block for LON/SPA.The signals are also available on IEC 61850 station bus.

Section 4 1MRK505222-UUS C Basic IED functions

116 Technical reference manual

4.14.3 Function block

IEC06000503-2-en.vsd

ATHSTAT USRBLKED

LOGGEDON

IEC06000503 V2 EN

Figure 42: ATHSTAT function block

4.14.4 Output signals Table 56: ATHSTAT Output signals

Name Type Description USRBLKED BOOLEAN At least one user is blocked by invalid password

LOGGEDON BOOLEAN At least one user is logged on

4.14.5 Setting parameters The function does not have any parameters available in the local HMI or PCM600.

4.15 Denial of service DOS

4.15.1 Introduction The Denial of service functions (DOSFRNT, DOSOEMAB and DOSOEMCD) are designed to limit overload on the IED produced by heavy Ethernet network traffic. The communication facilities must not be allowed to compromise the primary functionality of the device. All inbound network traffic will be quota controlled so that too heavy network loads can be controlled. Heavy network load might for instance be the result of malfunctioning equipment connected to the network.

4.15.2 Principle of operation The Denial of service functions (DOSFRNT, DOSOEMAB and DOSOEMCD) measures the IED load from communication and, if necessary, limit it for not jeopardizing the IEDs control and protection functionality due to high CPU load. The function has the following outputs:

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 4 Basic IED functions

117 Technical reference manual

LINKUP indicates the Ethernet link status WARNING indicates that communication (frame rate) is higher than normal ALARM indicates that the IED limits communication

4.15.3 Function blocks DOSFRNT

LINKUP WARNING

ALARM

IEC09000749-1-en.vsd IEC09000749 V1 EN

Figure 43: DOSFRNT function block

DOSOEMAB LINKUP

WARNING ALARM

IEC09000750-1-en.vsd IEC09000750 V1 EN

Figure 44: DOSOEMAB function block

DOSOEMCD LINKUP

WARNING ALARM

IEC09000751-1-en.vsd IEC09000751 V1 EN

Figure 45: DOSOEMCD function block

4.15.4 Signals Table 57: DOSFRNT Output signals

Name Type Description LINKUP BOOLEAN Ethernet link status

WARNING BOOLEAN Frame rate is higher than normal state

ALARM BOOLEAN Frame rate is higher than throttle state

Section 4 1MRK505222-UUS C Basic IED functions

118 Technical reference manual

Table 58: DOSOEMAB Output signals

Name Type Description LINKUP BOOLEAN Ethernet link status

WARNING BOOLEAN Frame rate is higher than normal state

ALARM BOOLEAN Frame rate is higher than throttle state

Table 59: DOSOEMCD Output signals

Name Type Description LINKUP BOOLEAN Ethernet link status

WARNING BOOLEAN Frame rate is higher than normal state

ALARM BOOLEAN Frame rate is higher than throttle state

4.15.5 Settings The function does not have any parameters available in the local HMI or PCM600.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 4 Basic IED functions

119 Technical reference manual

Section 5 Differential protection

About this chapter This chapter describes the measuring principles, functions and parameters used in differential protection.

5.1 Line differential protection

Function description IEC 61850 identification

IEC 60617 identification

ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number

Line differential protection, 3 CT sets, 2-3 line ends L3CPDIF 3Id/I>

SYMBOL-HH V1 EN

87L

Line differential protection, 6 CT sets, 3-5 line ends L6CPDIF 3Id/I>

SYMBOL-HH V1 EN

87L

Line differential protection 3 CT sets, with in-zone transformers, 2-3 line ends LT3CPDIF 3Id/I>

SYMBOL-HH V1 EN

87LT

Line differential protection 6 CT sets, with in-zone transformers, 3-5 line ends LT6CPDIF 3Id/I>

SYMBOL-HH V1 EN

87LT

Line differential logic LDLPDIF — 87L

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 5 Differential protection

121 Technical reference manual

5.1.1 Introduction

5.1.1.1 Line differential protection, 3 or 6 CT sets L3CPDIF, L6CPDIF

Line differential protection applies the Kirchhoff’s law and compares the currents entering and leaving the protected multi-terminal circuit, consisting of overhead power lines, power transformers and cables. It offers phase-segregated true current differential protection with high sensitivity and provides phase selection information for single- pole tripping.

The three terminal version is used for conventional two-terminal lines with or without breaker-and-a-half circuit breaker arrangement in one end, as well as three terminal lines with single breaker arrangements at all terminals.

IED IED

Protected zone

Communication Channel

ANSI05000039_2_en.vsd ANSI05000039 V2 EN

Figure 46: Example of application on a conventional two-terminal line

The six terminal versions are used for conventional two-terminal lines with breaker-and- a-half circuit breaker arrangements in both ends, as well as multi terminal lines with up to five terminals.

Section 5 1MRK505222-UUS C Differential protection

122 Technical reference manual

IED IED

IED

Communication Channel

Communication Channel

Communication Channel

Protected zone

ANSI05000040_2_en.vsd

ANSI05000040 V2 EN

Figure 47: Example of application on a three-terminal line with breaker-and-a-half breaker arrangements

The current differential algorithm provides high sensitivity for internal faults, at the same time as it has excellent stability for external faults. Current samples from all CTs are exchanged between the IEDs in the line ends (master-master mode) or sent to one IED (master-slave mode) for evaluation.

A restrained dual biased slope evaluation is made where the bias current is the highest phase current in any line end giving a secure through fault stability even with heavily saturated CTs. In addition to the restrained evaluation, an unrestrained high differential current setting can be used for fast tripping of internal faults with very high currents.

A special feature with this function is that applications with small power transformers (rated current less than 50 % of the differential current setting) connected as line taps (that is, as «shunt» power transformers), without measurements of currents in the tap, can be handled. The normal load current is here considered to be negligible, and special measures need only to be taken in the event of a short circuit on the LV side of the transformer. In this application, the tripping of the differential protection can be time delayed for low differential currents to achieve coordination with down stream over current IEDs.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 5 Differential protection

123 Technical reference manual

A line charging current compensation provides increased sensitivity of Line differential protection.

5.1.1.2 Line differential protection 3 or 6 CT sets, with in-zone transformers LT3CPDIF, LT6CPDIF

Two two-winding power transformers, or one three-winding power transformer, can be included in the line differential protection zone. Both two- and three-winding transformers are correctly represented with phase shift compensations made in the algorithm. The function includes 2nd and 5th harmonic restraint and zero-sequence current elimination.

IED IED

Protected zone

Communication Channel

IED

Communication ChannelCommunication Channel

ANSI0500042_2_en.vsd ANSI05000042 V2 EN

Figure 48: Example of application on a three-terminal line with a power transformer in the protection zone

5.1.1.3 Analog signal transfer for line differential protection

The line differential communication can be arranged as a master-master system or a master-slave system alternatively. In the former, current samples are exchanged between all IEDs, and an evaluation is made in each IED. This means that a 64 kbit/s

Section 5 1MRK505222-UUS C Differential protection

124 Technical reference manual

communication channel is needed between every IED included in the same line differential protection zone. In the latter, current samples are sent from all slave IEDs to one master IED where the evaluation is made, and trip signals are sent to the remote ends when needed. In this system, a 64 kbit/s communication channel is only needed between the master, and each one of the slave IEDs.

It is recommended to use the same firmware version as well as hardware version for a specific RED670 scheme.

Protected zone

Communication Channel

IED

IED IED IED

ANSI05000043_2_en.vsd

IED

ANSI05000043 V2 EN

Figure 49: Five terminal lines with master-master system

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 5 Differential protection

125 Technical reference manual

Protected zone

Communication Channels

RED 670

RED 670

RED 670

RED 670

RED 670

en05000044_ansi.vsd

ANSI05000044 V1 EN

Figure 50: Five terminal line with master-slave system

Current samples from IEDs located geographically apart from each other, must be time coordinated so that the current differential algorithm can be executed correctly. In IED, it is possible to make this coordination in two different ways. The echo method of time synchronizing is normally used whereas for applications where transmit and receive times can differ, the optional built in GPS receivers can be used.

The communication link is continuously monitored, and an automatic switchover to a standby link is possible after a preset time.

5.1.2 Principle of operation

5.1.2.1 Algorithm and logic

In Line differential protection function, measured current values from local and remote line ends are evaluated in order to distinguish between internal or external faults, or undisturbed conditions.

The local currents are fed to the IED via the Analog Input Modules and thereafter they pass the Analog to Digital Converter, as shown in figure 51.

Section 5 1MRK505222-UUS C Differential protection

126 Technical reference manual

en05000294_ansi.vsd

Calculation of

instantaneous differential currents

(3x)

Calculation of fundamental frequency differential

currents (3x) & bias current

Magnitudes of differential currents

Bias current

[magnitude]

[samples]

Instantaneous differential currents

(samples)

Differential and bias currents

applied to operate / bias-, and unrestrained characteristics

Harmonic analysis

( 2nd and 5th)

Trip by unrestrained differential protection

Calculation of

negative- sequence differential current

(1x)

Two to six contributions to neg. seq. differential current as phasors

High sensitive internal/external fault

discriminator

Internal fault

External fault

Output logic:

— 2nd harmonic block — 5th harmonic block

— Cross block logic

— Enhanced trip for internal faults

— Decreased sensitivity for external faults

— Conditional trip for simultaneous external and internal faults

— Conditional extra time delay for trip signals

Start L1

Start L2

Start L3

2nd h. block

5th h. block

CH1IL1SM CH1IL2SM CH1IL3SM

CH2IL1SM

Curr. samples from all ends

CH1IL1RE CH1IL1IM

CH1IL2RE CH1IL2IM

Currents from all ends as phasors

CH1INSRE

CH1INSIM CH1INSRE

CH1INSIM

Neg. seq. currents from

all ends as phasors

Tr ip

c om

m an

ds

TRIP1

TRIPRES TRIPUNRE TRIPENHA

START STL1 STL2 STL3

BLK2H BLK2HL1 BLK2HL2 BLK2HL3

BLK5H BLK5HL1 BLK5HL2 BLK5HL3

INTFAULT EXTFAULT

In fo

rm at

io n

TRL1 TRL2 TRL3

Line Diffferential Function

Local end RED670

Remote end RED670

St L1 low sens

St L3 low sens St L2 low sens

Local end Remote end

LDCM

Current samples from remote end

Current samples from

local endA/D Converter

LDCM

Pre-processing Block

Analog Input Module

ANSI05000294 V1 EN

Figure 51: The principle for the line differential protection

The remote currents are received to the IED as samples via a communication link. When entering the IED, they are processed in the Line Differential Communication

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 5 Differential protection

127 Technical reference manual

Module (LDCM) where they are time coordinated with the local current samples, and interpolated in order to be comparable with the local samples.

In the Pre-Processing Block, the real and imaginary parts of the fundamental frequency phase currents and negative sequence currents are derived. Together with the current samples, they are then forwarded to the differential function block where three different analyses are carried out.

The first analysis is the classical differential and bias current evaluation with the characteristic as seen in figure 52. Line differential protection is phase segregated where the differential current is the vectorial sum of all measured currents taken separately for each phase. The bias current, on the other hand, is considered as the greatest phase current in any line end and it is common for all three phases. The two slopes (SlopeSection1, SlopeSection2) and breakpoints (EndSection1, EndSection2) can be set in PCM600 or via the local HMI.

Current values plotted above the characteristic formed by IdMin and the dual slope will give a pickup in that phase. The level IdMinHigh is a setting value that is used to temporarily decrease the sensitivity in situations when:

the line is energized when a fault is classified as external when a tap transformer is switched in

There is also an unrestrained high differential current setting that can be used for fast tripping of internal faults with very high currents.

Section 5 1MRK505222-UUS C Differential protection

128 Technical reference manual

Section 1

UnrestrainedLimit

Section 2 Section 3

Restrain

Operate unconditionally

5

4

3

2

1

0 0 1 2 3 4 5

IdMin

EndSection1

EndSection2 Restrain current [ in pu of IBase]

Operate current [ in pu of IBase]

SlopeSection2

SlopeSection3

en05000300.vsd

Operate conditionally

IdMinHigh

A

C

B

IEC05000300 V1 EN

Figure 52: Description of the restrained-, and the unrestrained operate characteristics

where:

100%Ioperateslope Irestrain D= D

EQUATION1246 V1 EN

and where the restrained characteristic is defined by the settings:

1. IdMin

2. EndSection1

3. EndSection2

4.

SlopeSection2

5. SlopeSection3

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 5 Differential protection

129 Technical reference manual

The second analysis is the 2nd and 5th harmonic analysis on the differential current. Occurrence of these harmonics over a level that is set separately for each one will block tripping action from the biased slope evaluation.

The third analysis is the negative sequence current analysis. Effectively this is a fault discriminator that distinguishes between internal and external faults. It works such that the phase angle of the negative sequence current from the local end is compared with the phase angle of the sum of the negative sequence currents from the remote ends. The characteristic for this fault discriminator is shown in figure 53, where the directional characteristic is defined by the two setting parameters IminNegSeq and NegSeqRoa.

0 deg180 deg

90 deg

270 deg

120 deg

IMinNegSeq

If one or the other of currents is too low, then no measurement is done, and 120 degrees is mapped

External fault region

Internal fault region

Internal/external fault boundary

NegSeqROA (Relay

Operate Angle)

en05000188-3-en.vsd IEC05000188 V3 EN

Figure 53: Operating characteristic of the internal/external fault discriminator

Reference direction of currents is considered to be towards the line. Thus, when both currents to be compared have this direction, the phase difference between them will ideally be zero. In the opposite case, when one current is entering and the other is leaving the protected object, the phase difference will ideally be 180 degree. In case either the local or the sum of the remote negative sequence currents or both is below the set level, the fault discriminator will not make any fault classification and the value 120 degree is set. This value is then an indication that negative sequence directional comparison has not been possible to make, and it does not mean classification as external fault.

Section 5 1MRK505222-UUS C Differential protection

130 Technical reference manual

When a fault is classified as internal by the negative sequence fault discriminator, a trip is issued under the condition that the dual slope restrained function has been picked up , while a classification as external fault results in an increase of the restrained characteristic trip values IdMinHigh.

For all differential functions it is the common trip that shall be used to initiate a trip of a breaker. The separate trip signals from the different parts lacks the safety against maloperation. This will in some cases result in a 6 ms time difference between, for example restrained trip is issued and common trip is issued. The separate trip signals shall only be used for information purpose of which part that has caused the trip.

With reference to figure 51, the outputs from the three analysis blocks are fed to the output logic. Figure 54 shows a simplified block diagram of this output logic where only trip commands and no alarm signals are shown for simplicity.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 5 Differential protection

131 Technical reference manual

Pickup A

Pickup C

Pickup B

PU_A IdMinHigh

PU_C IdMinHigh

PU_B IdMinHigh

Diff curr A 2nd harm

Diff curr C 2nd harm

Diff curr B 2nd harm

Diff curr C 5th harm

Diff curr B 5th harm

Diff curr A 5th harm

Line energizing

AND

AND

AND

CrossBlockEn

External fault

Internal fault

OR

tIdMinHigh t

OR

OR

OROR

OR

OR

Trip unrestrained C

Trip unrestrained A

Trip unrestrained B

OR

OR

OR

OR

OR

AND

AND

ANSI05000295-3.vsd

TRIP

TR_A

TR_B

TR_C

OR

OR

OR

OR

OR

OR

AND

AND

AND

AND

AND

AND

AND

NegSeqDiffEn

ANSI05000295 V3 EN

Figure 54: Simplified block diagram

Remembering that current values plotted above the characteristic formed by IdMin and the dual slope in figure 53 are said to give a pickup, the output logic can be summarized as follows:

Section 5 1MRK505222-UUS C Differential protection

132 Technical reference manual

A pickup in one phase, gives a trip under the condition that the content of 2nd and 5th harmonic is below the set level for these harmonics. Otherwise it is blocked as long as the harmonic is above the set level. However, when a line is energized the current setting value IdMinHigh is used. Effectively this means that the line A-B-C in figure 52 forms the characteristic.

Current values above the unrestrained limit gives a trip irrespective of any presence of harmonics.

Classification of a fault as internal by the negative sequence fault discriminator, will give a trip under the condition that a pickup has occurred in that phase. This means that any harmonic blocking is then overridden. However, occurrence of harmonics at the same time as the differential current is below the level IdMinHigh, will block a trip even though the fault is classified as internal. This latter condition is to prevent unwanted trips when energizing a line tap transformer.

Classification of a fault as external by the negative sequence fault discriminator will cause IdMinHigh to be used as the lower limit for the restrained characteristic according to figure 52. Cross blocking will also be activated in this situation.

Compensation for charging currents can be selected active or not by setting ChargCurEnableYes or No. The compensation works such that the fundamental frequency differential current that is measured under steady state undisturbed conditions, is identified and then subtracted making the resulting differential current zero (or close to zero). This action is made separately for each phase. The magnitude of the subtracted pre-fault currents in Amperes can be read at any time as the service value ICHARGE.

Values of the pre-fault differential currents are not updated under disturbance conditions. The updating process is resumed 50 ms after normal conditions have been restored. Normal conditions are only considered if there are no pickup signals, neither internal nor external fault is declared, the power system is symmetrical and so on.

It is thus obvious that the change in charging current that the fault causes by decreasing the system voltage is not considered in the algorithm, a matter that is further discussed in the application manual.

Note that all small pre-fault differential currents are subtracted, no matter what their origin. Besides the true charging currents, the following currents are eliminated:

Small differential currents due to small errors (inequalities) of current transformers. Small differential currents because of off-nominal load tap changer positions when

a power transformer is included in the protected zone. Load currents of tap loads included in the protected zone.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 5 Differential protection

133 Technical reference manual

5.1.2.2 Time synchronization

In a numerical line differential protection, current samples from protections located geographically apart from each other, must be time coordinated so that the currents from the different line ends can be compared without introducing irrelevant errors. Accuracy requirements on this time coordination are extremely high.

As an example, an inaccuracy of 0.1 ms in a 50 Hz system gives a maximum magnitude error approximately around 3% whilst an inaccuracy of 1 ms gives a maximum magnitude error of approximately 31%. The corresponding figures for a 60 Hz system are 4% and 38% respectively.

In Line differential protection, the time coordination is made with the so-called echo method, which can be complemented with GPS synchronization as an option.

Each IED has an accurate local clock with a very small time drift. This clock makes time tagging of telegrams, and the echo method is then used to find out the time difference between the clocks in two ends of a power line.

Referring to figure 55, it works such that the transmission time to send a message from station B to station A (T1 T2) and receive a message from A to B (T3 T4) is measured. The time instances T2 and T3 are taken with the local clock reference of station A, and the time instances T1 and T4 are taken with the local clock reference of station B.

T1

T2 T3

T4 B

A

en05000293.vsd IEC05000293 V1 EN

Figure 55: Measuring time differences

Calculation of the delay time one-way Td and the time difference t between the clocks in A and B is then possible to do with equation 2 and equation 3, which are only valid under the condition that the send and receive times are equal.

2 1 4 3( ) ( ) 2d

T T T TT — + — =

EQUATION1358 V1 EN (Equation 2)

Section 5 1MRK505222-UUS C Differential protection

134 Technical reference manual

1 4 2 3( ) ( ) 2

T T T Tt + — + D =

EQUATION1359 V1 EN (Equation 3)

t is calculated every time a telegram is received, and the time difference is then used to adjust and interpolate the current measurements from the remote end before the current differential algorithm is executed.

The echo method without GPS, can be used in telecommunications transmission networks with varying signal propagation delay as long as there is delay symmetry, that is, the send and receive delays are equal. The delay variation can depend on the signal going different routes in the network from time to other.

When the delay symmetry is lost, the expression for t given above is no longer valid, and GPS synchronization of the local IED clocks must be used.

Including the optional GPS, means that there will be one GPS receiver module in each IED, synchronizing its local IED clock. As GPS synchronization is very accurate, in the order of 1 s, all IEDs in the same line differential scheme will have the same clock reference. It is then possible to detect asymmetric transmission time delay and compensate for it.

When the IED is equipped with GPS, this hardware is integrated in the IED. Besides the GPS receiver itself, it also consists of filters and regulators for post processing of the GPS time synch pulse, which is necessary to achieve a reliable GPS synchronization. Especially short interruptions and spurious out of synch GPS signals are handled securely in this way.

When GPS synchronization is used, an interruption in the GPS signal leads to freewheeling during 8 seconds that is, during this time the synchronization benefits from the stability in the local clocks. If the interruption persists more than 8 seconds, either fall back to the echo synchronization method or blocking of Line differential protection function is made, as selected through setting parameter GPSSyncErr.

For a description of the time synchronization function, refer to section «Time synchronization».

5.1.2.3 Analog signal communication for line differential protection

Communication principle For a two-terminal line, the current from the local CT needs to be communicated over a 64 kbit/s channel to the remote line end, and the remote end current communicated back on the same channel. If there is, for example, a three terminal line another 64 kbit/ s channel will be needed to exchange the same local current with the third line end current.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 5 Differential protection

135 Technical reference manual

In breaker-and-a-half arrangements, there are two local currents meaning two 64 kbit/s channels to each remote substation. Alternatively, it is possible to add together the two local currents before sending them and in that way reduce the number of communication channels needed. This is achieved by selecting proper setting for parameter TransmCurr (CT-SUM, CT-DIFF1 or CT-DIFF2). However, information about bias currents is reduced if the alternative option is followed. For further information and discussions on this matter, refer to the Application manual.

The communication can be arranged as a master-master system or a master-slave system alternatively. Figure 56 shows a master-master system for a five-terminal line. Here current samples are exchanged between all IEDs, and an evaluation is made in each IED. This means that a 64 kbit/s communication channel is needed between every IED included in the same line differential protection zone.

ANSI05000292_2_en.vsd

IED IED

Protected zone

Comm. Channels

IED IED IED

ANSI05000292 V2 EN

Figure 56: 5terminal line with master-master system

In the master-slave system, current samples are sent from all slave IEDs to one master IED where the evaluation is made and trip signals are sent to the remote ends when needed. In this system, a 64 kbit/s communication channel is only needed between the master, and each one of the slave IEDs, as shown in figure 57.

IED

Protected zone

Comm. Channels

IED IED IED

ANSI05000291_2_en.vsd

IED

ANSI05000291 V2 EN

Figure 57: 5terminal line with master-slave system

Section 5 1MRK505222-UUS C Differential protection

136 Technical reference manual

The master-slave configuration is achieved by setting parameter Operation in the slaves to Disabled for Line differential protection function, and setting parameter ChannelMode to Enabled for the LDCMs in the slaves.

Test mode Line differential protection function in one IED can be set in test mode. This can block the trip outputs on that IED, and set the remote IEDs in a remote test mode, so that injected currents can be echoed back phase shifted and with a settable magnitude. The trip outputs in the remote IEDs can also be blocked automatically. For further information, refer to the installation and commissioning manual.

Communication of current sampled values The currents are sampled twenty times per power system cycle in the protection terminals, but the communication exchange is made only once every 5 ms. This means that at in each telegram sent, 5 consecutive current samples in a 50 Hz system and 6 consecutive current samples in a 60 Hz system (three phases each sampling instant) are included. Figure 58 shows the principle.

0 Time (ms)5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Current sample

telegram sent

Current sample

telegram sent

Current sample

telegram sent

Current sample

telegram sent

Current sample

telegram sent

Current sample

telegram sent

Current sample

telegram sent

Current sample

telegram sent

en05000290.vsd IEC05000290 V1 EN

Figure 58: Communication of current sampled values.

where:

x is the current sampling moment

Redundant communication channels With redundant communication channels, as shown in figure 59, both channels are in operation continuously but with one of them favoured as a primary channel.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 5 Differential protection

137 Technical reference manual

L DC ML DC M

Telecom. Network

Telecom. Network

Primary Channel

Hot Standby Channel

L DC ML DC M

en05000289_ansi.vsd

52 152

ANSI05000289 V1 EN

Figure 59: Direct fiber optical connection between two IEDs with LDOM over longer distances.

If communication is lost on the primary channel, switchover to the secondary channel is made after a settable time delay RedChSwTime. Return of the primary channel will cause a switchback after another settable time delay RedChRturnTime.

For a three-, four- or five-terminals line in a master-master configuration, a loss of one communication channel will not cause the line differential protection to be unserviceable. Instead it will automatically revert to a partial master-slave mode with the two IEDs that have an unserviceable communication link between them, will serve as slaves.

For more details about the remote communication see section «Remote communication» and the application manual.

5.1.2.4 Open CT detection feature

Line differential protection has a built-in, advanced open CT detection feature.

The open CT circuit condition creates unexpected operations for Line differential protection under the normal load conditions. It is also possible to damage secondary equipment due to high voltage produced from open CT circuit outputs. Therefore, it is always a requirement from security and reliability points of view to have open CT detection function to block Line differential protection function in case of open CT conditions and at the same time, produce the alarm signal to the operational personal to make quick remedy actions to correct the open CT condition.

The built-in open CT feature can be enabled or disabled by a setting parameter OpenCTEnable (Disabled/Enabled). When enabled, this feature prevents mal- operation when a loaded main CT connected to Line differential protection is by

Section 5 1MRK505222-UUS C Differential protection

138 Technical reference manual

mistake open circuited on the secondary side. Note that this feature can only detect interruption of one CT phase current at the time. If two or even all three-phase currents of one set of CT are accidentally interrupted at the same time this feature cannot operate and Line differential protection generates trip signal, if the false differential current is sufficiently high. To ensure blocking of the differential protection for open CT condition this algorithm must operate within 10 ms in order to be able to prevent unwanted operation of Line differential protection under all loading conditions.

The principle applied to detect an open CT is a simple pattern recognition method, similar to the waveform check which has been with advantage used by the Power Transformer Differential Protection in order to detect the magnetizing inrush condition. The open CT detection principle is based on the fact, that for an open CT, the current in the phase with the open CT suddenly drops (at least theoretically) to zero (that is, as seen by the protection), while the currents of the other two phases continue as before.

The open CT function is supposed to detect an open CT under normal conditions, that is, with the protected multi-terminal circuit under normal load. If the load currents are very low or zero, the open CT condition cannot be detected. The open CT algorithm only detects an open CT if the load on the power transformer is from 10% to 110% of the rated load. Outside this range an open CT condition is not even looked for. The search for an open CT starts after 60 seconds (50 seconds in 60 Hz systems) since the bias current enters the 10110% range. The Open CT detection feature can also be explicitly deactivated by setting: OpenCTEnable = 0 (Disabled).

If an open CT is detected and the output OPENCT set to 1, then all the differential functions are blocked, except of the unrestrained (instantaneous) differential. An alarm signal is also produced after a settable delay (tOCTAlarmDelay) to report to operational personal for quick remedy actions once the open CT is detected. When the open CT condition is removed (that is, the previously open CT reconnected), the functions remain blocked for a specified interval of time, which is also a setting (tOCTResetDelay). The task of this measure is to prevent an eventual mal-operation after the reconnection of the previously open CT secondary circuit.

The open CT feature works only during normal loading condition. Thus, the open CT feature must be automatically disabled for all external faults, big overloads and inrush conditions.

The open CT algorithm provides detailed information about the location of the defective CT secondary circuit. The algorithm clearly indicates IED side, CT input and phase in which open CT condition has been detected. These indications are provided via the following outputs from Line differential protection function:

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 5 Differential protection

139 Technical reference manual

1. Output OPENCT provides instant information to indicate that open CT circuit has been detected

2. Output OPENCTAL provides time delayed alarm that the open CT circuit has been detected. Time delay is defined by setting parameter tOCTAlarmDelay.

3. Integer output OPENCTIN provides information on the local HMI regarding which open CT circuit has been detected (1=CT input No 1; 2=CT input No 2)

4. Integer output OPENCTPH provides information on the local HMI regarding in which phase open CT circuit has been detected (1=Phase A; 2= Phase B; 3= Phase C)

Once the open CT condition is declared, the algorithm stops to search for further open CT circuits. It waits until the first open CT circuit has been corrected. Note that once the open CT condition has been detected, it can be automatically reset within the differential function. It is not possible to externally reset open CT condition. To reset the open CT circuit alarm automatically, the following conditions must be fulfilled:

Bias current is for at least one minute smaller than 110% Open CT condition in defective CT circuit has been rectified (for example, current

asymmetry disappears) Above two conditions are fulfilled for longer time than defined by the setting

parameter tOCTResetDelay

After the reset, the open CT detection algorithm starts again to search for any other open CT circuit within the protected zone.

5.1.2.5 Binary signal transfer

There is space for eight binary signals integrated in the telegram of the line differential analog communication. For further information, refer to section «Binary signal transfer».

5.1.2.6 Line differential coordination function LDLPDIF (87L)

Line differential coordination function (LDLPDIF, 87L) is a support function to Line differential protection functions L3CPDIF(87L), L6CPDIF (87L), LT3CPDIF (87LT) and LT6CPDIF(87LT) . The function gathers and coordinates local IED signals and the signals from remote IEDs between the Line differential protection functions and the LDCM communication module.

The function acts as the interface to and from Line differential protection.

Section 5 1MRK505222-UUS C Differential protection

140 Technical reference manual

5.1.3 Function block

ANSI05000667-1-en.vsd

L3CPDIF (87L) I3P1* I3P2* I3P3*

TRIP TR_A TR_B TR_C

TRIPRES TRIPUNRE TRIPENHA

PICKUP PU_A PU_B PU_C

BLK2H BLK2H_A BLK2H_B BLK2H_C

BLK5H BLK5H_A BLK5H_B BLK5H_C

ALARM OPENCT

OPENCTAL ID_A ID_B ID_C

IDMAG_A IDMAG_B IDMAG_C

IBIAS IDMAG_NS

ANSI05000667 V1 EN

Figure 60: L3CPDIF (87L) function block

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 5 Differential protection

141 Technical reference manual

ANSI05000666-1-en.vsd

L6CPDIF (87L) I3P1* I3P2* I3P3* I3P4* I3P5* I3P6*

TRIP TR_A TR_B TR_C

TRIPRES TRIPUNRE TRIPENHA

PICKUP PU_A PU_B PU_C

BLK2H BLK2H_A BLK2H_B BLK2H_C

BLK5H BLK5H_A BLK5H_B BLK5H_C

ALARM OPENCT

OPENCTAL ID_A ID_B ID_C

IDMAG_A IDMAG_B IDMAG_C

IBIAS IDMAG_NS

ANSI05000666 V1 EN

Figure 61: L6CPDIF (87L)function block

Section 5 1MRK505222-UUS C Differential protection

142 Technical reference manual

ANSI06000254-2-en.vsd

LT3CPDIF (87LT) I3P1* I3P2* I3P3*

TRIP TR_A TR_B TR_C

TRIPRES TRIPUNRE TRIPENHA

PICKUP PU_A PU_B PU_C

BLK2H BLK2H_A BLK2H_B BLK2H_C

BLK5H BLK5H_A BLK5H_B BLK5H_C

ALARM OPENCT

OPENCTAL ID_A ID_B ID_C

IDMAG_A IDMAG_B IDMAG_C

IBIAS IDMAG_NS

ANSI06000254 V2 EN

Figure 62: LT3CPDIF (87LT) function block

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 5 Differential protection

143 Technical reference manual

ANSI06000255-2-en.vsd

LT6CPDIF (87LT) I3P1* I3P2* I3P3* I3P4* I3P5* I3P6*

TRIP TR_A TR_B TR_C

TRIPRES TRIPUNRE TRIPENHA

PICKUP PU_A PU_B PU_C

BLK2H BLK2H_A BLK2H_B BLK2H_C

BLK5H BLK5H_A BLK5H_B BLK5H_C

ALARM OPENCT

OPENCTAL ID_A ID_B ID_C

IDMAG_A IDMAG_B IDMAG_C

IBIAS IDMAG_NS

ANSI06000255 V2 EN

Figure 63: LT6CPDIF (87LT) function block

ANSI05000394-2-en.vsd

LDLPDIF (87L) CTFAIL OUTSERV BLOCK

TRIP TR_A TR_B TR_C

TRLOCAL TRLOC_A TRLOC_B TRLOC_C

TRREMOTE DIFLBLKD

ANSI05000394 V2 EN

Figure 64: LDLPDIF (87L) function block

Section 5 1MRK505222-UUS C Differential protection

144 Technical reference manual

5.1.4 Input and output signals Table 60: L3CPDIF (87L) Input signals

Name Type Default Description I3P1 GROUP

SIGNAL — Three phase current grp1 samples and DFT values

I3P2 GROUP SIGNAL

— Three phase current grp1 samples and DFT values

I3P3 GROUP SIGNAL

— Three phase current grp1 samples and DFT values

Table 61: L3CPDIF (87L) Output signals

Name Type Description TRIP BOOLEAN Main Trip Signal

TR_A BOOLEAN Trip signal from phase A

TR_B BOOLEAN Trip signal from phase B

TR_C BOOLEAN Trip signal from phase C

TRIPRES BOOLEAN Trip by restrained differential 87L

TRIPUNRE BOOLEAN Trip by unrestrained differential 87H

TRIPENHA BOOLEAN Trip by Enhanced restrainted differential 87LEnhanced

PICKUP BOOLEAN Main Pickup output signal

PU_A BOOLEAN Pickup signal from phase A

PU_B BOOLEAN Pickup signal from phase B

PU_C BOOLEAN Pickup signal from phase C

BLK2H BOOLEAN Block signal due to second harmonic

BLK2H_A BOOLEAN Block signal due to second harmonic phase A

BLK2H_B BOOLEAN Block signal due to second harmonic phase B

BLK2H_C BOOLEAN Block signal due to second harmonic Phase C

BLK5H BOOLEAN Block signal due to fifth harmonic

BLK5H_A BOOLEAN Block signal due to fifth harmonic phase A

BLK5H_B BOOLEAN Block signal due to fifth harmonic phase B

BLK5H_C BOOLEAN Block signal due to fifth harmonic phase C

OPENCT BOOLEAN An open CT was detected

ALARM BOOLEAN Alarm for sustained differential current

OPENCTAL BOOLEAN Open CT Alarm output signal. Issued after a delay …

ID_A REAL Instantaneous differential current, phase A

ID_B REAL Instantaneous differential current, phase B

ID_C REAL Instantaneous differential current, phase C

Table continues on next page

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 5 Differential protection

145 Technical reference manual

Name Type Description IDMAG_A REAL Magnitude of fund. freq. differential current, phase A

IDMAG_B REAL Magnitude of fund. freq. differential current, phase B

IDMAG_C REAL Magnitude of fund. freq. differential current, phase C

IBIAS REAL Magnitude of the bias current, common for phase A,B.C

IDMAG_NS REAL Magnitude of the negative sequence differential current

Table 62: L6CPDIF (87L) Input signals

Name Type Default Description I3P1 GROUP

SIGNAL — Three phase current grp1 samples and DFT values

I3P2 GROUP SIGNAL

— Three phase current grp1 samples and DFT values

I3P3 GROUP SIGNAL

— Three phase current grp1 samples and DFT values

I3P4 GROUP SIGNAL

— Three phase current grp1 samples and DFT values

I3P5 GROUP SIGNAL

— Three phase current grp1 samples and DFT values

I3P6 GROUP SIGNAL

— Three phase current grp1 samples and DFT values

Table 63: L6CPDIF (87L) Output signals

Name Type Description TRIP BOOLEAN Main Trip Signal

TR_A BOOLEAN Trip signal from phase A

TR_B BOOLEAN Trip signal from phase B

TR_C BOOLEAN Trip signal from phase C

TRIPRES BOOLEAN Trip by restrained differential 87L

TRIPUNRE BOOLEAN Trip by unrestrained differential 87H

TRIPENHA BOOLEAN Trip by Enhanced restrainted differential 87LEnhanced

PICKUP BOOLEAN Main Pickup output signal

PU_A BOOLEAN Pickup signal from phase A

PU_B BOOLEAN Pickup signal from phase B

PU_C BOOLEAN Pickup signal from phase C

BLK2H BOOLEAN Block signal due to second harmonic

BLK2H_A BOOLEAN Block signal due to second harmonic phase A

BLK2H_B BOOLEAN Block signal due to second harmonic phase B

Table continues on next page

Section 5 1MRK505222-UUS C Differential protection

146 Technical reference manual

Name Type Description BLK2H_C BOOLEAN Block signal due to second harmonic Phase C

BLK5H BOOLEAN Block signal due to fifth harmonic

BLK5H_A BOOLEAN Block signal due to fifth harmonic phase A

BLK5H_B BOOLEAN Block signal due to fifth harmonic phase B

BLK5H_C BOOLEAN Block signal due to fifth harmonic phase C

OPENCT BOOLEAN An open CT was detected

ALARM BOOLEAN Alarm for sustained differential current

OPENCTAL BOOLEAN Open CT Alarm output signal. Issued after a delay …

ID_A REAL Instantaneous differential current, phase A

ID_B REAL Instantaneous differential current, phase B

ID_C REAL Instantaneous differential current, phase C

IDMAG_A REAL Magnitude of fund. freq. differential current, phase A

IDMAG_B REAL Magnitude of fund. freq. differential current, phase B

IDMAG_C REAL Magnitude of fund. freq. differential current, phase C

IBIAS REAL Magnitude of the bias current, common for phase A,B.C

IDMAG_NS REAL Magnitude of the negative sequence differential current

Table 64: LT3CPDIF (87LT) Input signals

Name Type Default Description I3P1 GROUP

SIGNAL — Three phase current grp1 samples and DFT values

I3P2 GROUP SIGNAL

— Three phase current grp1 samples and DFT values

I3P3 GROUP SIGNAL

— Three phase current grp1 samples and DFT values

Table 65: LT3CPDIF (87LT) Output signals

Name Type Description TRIP BOOLEAN Main Trip Signal

TR_A BOOLEAN Trip signal from phase A

TR_B BOOLEAN Trip signal from phase B

TR_C BOOLEAN Trip signal from phase C

TRIPRES BOOLEAN Trip by restrained differential 87L

TRIPUNRE BOOLEAN Trip by unrestrained differential 87H

TRIPENHA BOOLEAN Trip by Enhanced restrainted differential 87LEnhanced

PICKUP BOOLEAN Main Pickup output signal

Table continues on next page

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 5 Differential protection

147 Technical reference manual

Name Type Description PU_A BOOLEAN Pickup signal from phase A

PU_B BOOLEAN Pickup signal from phase B

PU_C BOOLEAN Pickup signal from phase C

BLK2H BOOLEAN Block signal due to second harmonic

BLK2H_A BOOLEAN Block signal due to second harmonic phase A

BLK2H_B BOOLEAN Block signal due to second harmonic phase B

BLK2H_C BOOLEAN Block signal due to second harmonic Phase C

BLK5H BOOLEAN Block signal due to fifth harmonic

BLK5H_A BOOLEAN Block signal due to fifth harmonic phase A

BLK5H_B BOOLEAN Block signal due to fifth harmonic phase B

BLK5H_C BOOLEAN Block signal due to fifth harmonic phase C

OPENCT BOOLEAN An open CT was detected

ALARM BOOLEAN Alarm for sustained differential current

OPENCTAL BOOLEAN Open CT Alarm output signal. Issued after a delay …

ID_A REAL Instantaneous differential current, phase A

ID_B REAL Instantaneous differential current, phase B

ID_C REAL Instantaneous differential current, phase C

IDMAG_A REAL Magnitude of fund. freq. differential current, phase A

IDMAG_B REAL Magnitude of fund. freq. differential current, phase B

IDMAG_C REAL Magnitude of fund. freq. differential current, phase C

IBIAS REAL Magnitude of the bias current, common for phase A,B.C

IDMAG_NS REAL Magnitude of the negative sequence differential current

Table 66: LT6CPDIF (87LT) Input signals

Name Type Default Description I3P1 GROUP

SIGNAL — Three phase current grp1 samples and DFT values

I3P2 GROUP SIGNAL

— Three phase current grp2 samples and DFT values

I3P3 GROUP SIGNAL

— Three phase current grp3 samples and DFT values

I3P4 GROUP SIGNAL

— Three phase current grp4 samples and DFT values

I3P5 GROUP SIGNAL

— Three phase current grp5 samples and DFT values

I3P6 GROUP SIGNAL

— Three phase current grp6 samples and DFT values

Section 5 1MRK505222-UUS C Differential protection

148 Technical reference manual

Table 67: LT6CPDIF (87LT) Output signals

Name Type Description TRIP BOOLEAN Main Trip Signal

TR_A BOOLEAN Trip signal from phase A

TR_B BOOLEAN Trip signal from phase B

TR_C BOOLEAN Trip signal from phase C

TRIPRES BOOLEAN Trip by restrained differential 87L

TRIPUNRE BOOLEAN Trip by unrestrained differential 87H

TRIPENHA BOOLEAN Trip by Enhanced restrainted differential 87LEnhanced

PICKUP BOOLEAN Main Pickup output signal

PU_A BOOLEAN Pickup signal from phase A

PU_B BOOLEAN Pickup signal from phase B

PU_C BOOLEAN Pickup signal from phase C

BLK2H BOOLEAN Block signal due to second harmonic

BLK2H_A BOOLEAN Block signal due to second harmonic phase A

BLK2H_B BOOLEAN Block signal due to second harmonic phase B

BLK2H_C BOOLEAN Block signal due to second harmonic Phase C

BLK5H BOOLEAN Block signal due to fifth harmonic

BLK5H_A BOOLEAN Block signal due to fifth harmonic phase A

BLK5H_B BOOLEAN Block signal due to fifth harmonic phase B

BLK5H_C BOOLEAN Block signal due to fifth harmonic phase C

OPENCT BOOLEAN An open CT was detected

ALARM BOOLEAN Alarm for sustained differential current

OPENCTAL BOOLEAN Open CT Alarm output signal. Issued after a delay …

ID_A REAL Instantaneous differential current, phase A

ID_B REAL Instantaneous differential current, phase B

ID_C REAL Instantaneous differential current, phase C

IDMAG_A REAL Magnitude of fund. freq. differential current, phase A

IDMAG_B REAL Magnitude of fund. freq. differential current, phase B

IDMAG_C REAL Magnitude of fund. freq. differential current, phase C

IBIAS REAL Magnitude of the bias current, common for phase A,B.C

IDMAG_NS REAL Magnitude of the negative sequence differential current

Table 68: LDLPDIF (87L) Input signals

Name Type Default Description CTFAIL BOOLEAN 0 CT failure indication from local CT supervision

OUTSERV BOOLEAN 0 Input for indicating that the IED is out of service

BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 5 Differential protection

149 Technical reference manual

Table 69: LDLPDIF (87L) Output signals

Name Type Description TRIP BOOLEAN General trip from differential protection system

TR_A BOOLEAN Trip signal from phase A

TR_B BOOLEAN Trip signal from phase B

TR_C BOOLEAN Trip signal from phase C

TRLOCAL BOOLEAN Trip from local differential function

TRLOC_A BOOLEAN Trip from local differential function in phase A

TRLOC_B BOOLEAN Trip from local differential function in phase B

TRLOC_C BOOLEAN Trip from local differential function in phase C

TRREMOTE BOOLEAN Trip from remote differential function

DIFLBLKD BOOLEAN Local line differential function blocked

5.1.5 Setting parameters Table 70: L3CPDIF (87L) Group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description Operation Disabled

Enabled — — Disabled Disable/Enable Operation

IdMin 0.20 — 2.00 IB 0.01 0.30 Oper — restr charact., section 1 sensitivity, multiple IBase

IdMinHigh 0.20 — 10.00 IB 0.01 0.80 Initial lower sensitivity, as multiple of IBase

tIdMinHigh 0.000 — 60.000 s 0.001 1.000 Time interval of initial lower sensitivity, in sec

IdUnre 1.00 — 50.00 IB 0.01 10.00 Unrestrained differential current limit, multiple of IBase

NegSeqDiffEn Disabled Enabled

— — Enabled Off/On selection for internal / external fault discriminator

NegSeqROA 30.0 — 120.0 Deg 1.0 60.0 Internal/external fault discriminator Operate Angle, degrees

IMinNegSeq 0.01 — 0.20 IB 0.01 0.04 Min. value of neg. seq. curr. as multiple of IBase

CrossBlockEn No Yes

— — No Off/On selection of the cross -block logic

ChargCurEnable Disabled Enabled

— — Disabled Off/On selection for compensation of charging currents

AddDelay Disabled Enabled

— — Disabled Off/On selection for delayed diff. trip command

IMaxAddDelay 0.20 — 5.00 IB 0.01 1.00 Below limit, extra delay can be applied, multiple of IBase

tDefTime 0.000 — 6.000 s 0.001 0.000 Definite time additional delay in seconds

tMinInv 0.001 — 6.000 s 0.001 0.010 Inverse Delay Minimum Time. In seconds

Table continues on next page

Section 5 1MRK505222-UUS C Differential protection

150 Technical reference manual

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description CurveType ANSI Ext. inv.

ANSI Very inv. ANSI Norm. inv. ANSI Mod. inv. ANSI Def. Time L.T.E. inv. L.T.V. inv. L.T. inv. IEC Norm. inv. IEC Very inv. IEC inv. IEC Ext. inv. IEC S.T. inv. IEC L.T. inv. IEC Def. Time Programmable RI type RD type

— — IEC Def. Time 19 curve types. Example: 15 for definite time delay.

TD 0.05 — 1.10 — 0.01 1.00 Time Multiplier Setting (TMS) for inverse delays

IdiffAlarm 0.05 — 1.00 IB 0.01 0.15 Sustained differential current alarm, factor of IBase

tAlarmdelay 0.000 — 60.000 s 0.001 10.000 Delay for alarm due to sustained differential current, in s

Table 71: L3CPDIF (87L) Group settings (advanced)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description EndSection1 0.20 — 1.50 IB 0.01 1.25 End of section 1, as multiple of reference

current IBase

EndSection2 1.00 — 10.00 IB 0.01 3.00 End of section 2, as multiple of reference current IBase

SlopeSection2 10.0 — 50.0 % 0.1 40.0 Slope in section 2 of operate-restrain characteristic, in %

SlopeSection3 30.0 — 100.0 % 0.1 80.0 Slope in section 3 of operate- restrain characteristic, in %

I2/I1Ratio 5.0 — 100.0 % 1.0 10.0 Max. ratio of second harmonic to fundamental harm dif. curr. in %

I5/I1Ratio 5.0 — 100.0 % 1.0 25.0 Max. ratio of fifth harmonic to fundamental harm dif. curr. in %

p 0.01 — 1000.00 — 0.01 0.02 Settable curve parameter, user- programmable curve type.

a 0.01 — 1000.00 — 0.01 0.14 Settable curve parameter, user- programmable curve type.

b 0.01 — 1000.00 — 0.01 1.00 Settable curve parameter, user- programmable curve type.

c 0.01 — 1000.00 — 0.01 1.00 Settable curve parameter, user- programmable curve type.

Table continues on next page

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 5 Differential protection

151 Technical reference manual

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description OpenCTEnable Disabled

Enabled — — Enabled Open CTEnable Off/On

tOCTAlarmDelay 0.100 — 10.000 s 0.001 1.000 Open CT: time in s to alarm after an open CT is detected

tOCTResetDelay 0.100 — 10.000 s 0.001 0.250 Reset delay in s. After delay, diff. function is activated

Table 72: L3CPDIF (87L) Non group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description NoOfTerminals 2

3 — — 2 Number of current terminals of the protected

circuit

Chan2IsLocal No Yes

— — No 2-nd local current connected to input channel 2, Yes/ No

IBase 50.0 — 9999.9 A 0.1 3000.0 Base (reference) current of the differential protection

Table 73: L6CPDIF (87L) Group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description Operation Disabled

Enabled — — Disabled Disable/Enable Operation

IdMin 0.20 — 2.00 IB 0.01 0.30 Oper — restr charact., section 1 sensitivity, multiple IBase

IdMinHigh 0.20 — 10.00 IB 0.01 0.80 Initial lower sensitivity, as multiple of IBase

tIdMinHigh 0.000 — 60.000 s 0.001 1.000 Time interval of initial lower sensitivity, in sec

IdUnre 1.00 — 50.00 IB 0.01 10.00 Unrestrained differential current limit, multiple of IBase

NegSeqDiffEn Disabled Enabled

— — Enabled Off/On selection for internal / external fault discriminator

NegSeqROA 30.0 — 120.0 Deg 1.0 60.0 Internal/external fault discriminator Operate Angle, degrees

IMinNegSeq 0.01 — 0.20 IB 0.01 0.04 Min. value of neg. seq. curr. as multiple of IBase

CrossBlockEn No Yes

— — No Off/On selection of the cross -block logic

I2/I1Ratio 5.0 — 100.0 % 1.0 10.0 Max. ratio of second harmonic to fundamental harm dif. curr. in %

I5/I1Ratio 5.0 — 100.0 % 1.0 25.0 Max. ratio of fifth harmonic to fundamental harm dif. curr. in %

ChargCurEnable Disabled Enabled

— — Disabled Off/On selection for compensation of charging currents

AddDelay Disabled Enabled

— — Disabled Off/On selection for delayed diff. trip command

Table continues on next page

Section 5 1MRK505222-UUS C Differential protection

152 Technical reference manual

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description IMaxAddDelay 0.20 — 5.00 IB 0.01 1.00 Below limit, extra delay can be applied,

multiple of IBase

tDefTime 0.000 — 6.000 s 0.001 0.000 Definite time additional delay in seconds

tMinInv 0.001 — 6.000 s 0.001 0.010 Inverse Delay Minimum Time. In seconds

CurveType ANSI Ext. inv. ANSI Very inv. ANSI Norm. inv. ANSI Mod. inv. ANSI Def. Time L.T.E. inv. L.T.V. inv. L.T. inv. IEC Norm. inv. IEC Very inv. IEC inv. IEC Ext. inv. IEC S.T. inv. IEC L.T. inv. IEC Def. Time Programmable RI type RD type

— — IEC Def. Time 19 curve types. Example: 15 for definite time delay.

TD 0.05 — 1.10 — 0.01 1.00 Time Multiplier Setting (TMS) for inverse delays

IdiffAlarm 0.05 — 1.00 IB 0.01 0.15 Sustained differential current alarm, factor of IBase

tAlarmdelay 0.000 — 60.000 s 0.001 10.000 Delay for alarm due to sustained differential current, in s

Table 74: L6CPDIF (87L) Group settings (advanced)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description EndSection1 0.20 — 1.50 IB 0.01 1.25 End of section 1, as multiple of reference

current IBase

EndSection2 1.00 — 10.00 IB 0.01 3.00 End of section 2, as multiple of reference current IBase

SlopeSection2 10.0 — 50.0 % 0.1 40.0 Slope in section 2 of operate-restrain characteristic, in %

SlopeSection3 30.0 — 100.0 % 0.1 80.0 Slope in section 3 of operate- restrain characteristic, in %

p 0.01 — 1000.00 — 0.01 0.02 Settable curve parameter, user- programmable curve type.

a 0.01 — 1000.00 — 0.01 0.14 Settable curve parameter, user- programmable curve type.

b 0.01 — 1000.00 — 0.01 1.00 Settable curve parameter, user- programmable curve type.

c 0.01 — 1000.00 — 0.01 1.00 Settable curve parameter, user- programmable curve type.

Table continues on next page

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 5 Differential protection

153 Technical reference manual

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description OpenCTEnable Disabled

Enabled — — Enabled Open CT detection feature. Open CTEnable

Off/On

tOCTAlarmDelay 0.100 — 10.000 s 0.001 1.000 Open CT: time in s to alarm after an open CT is detected

tOCTResetDelay 0.100 — 10.000 s 0.001 0.250 Reset delay in s. After delay, diff. function is activated

Table 75: L6CPDIF (87L) Non group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description NoOfTerminals 2

3 4 5 6

— — 2 Number of current terminals of the protected circuit

Chan2IsLocal No Yes

— — No 2-nd local current connected to input channel 2, Yes/ No

IBase 50.0 — 9999.9 A 0.1 3000.0 Base (reference) current of the differential protection

Table 76: LT3CPDIF (87LT) Group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description Operation Disabled

Enabled — — Disabled Disable/Enable Operation

IdMin 0.20 — 2.00 IB 0.01 0.30 Oper — restr charact., section 1 sensitivity, multiple IBase

IdMinHigh 0.20 — 10.00 IB 0.01 0.80 Initial lower sensitivity, as multiple of IBase

tIdMinHigh 0.000 — 60.000 s 0.001 1.000 Time interval of initial lower sensitivity, in sec

IdUnre 1.00 — 50.00 IB 0.01 10.00 Unrestrained differential current limit, multiple of IBase

NegSeqDiffEn Disabled Enabled

— — Enabled Off/On selection for internal / external fault discriminator

NegSeqROA 30.0 — 120.0 Deg 1.0 60.0 Internal/external fault discriminator Operate Angle, degrees

IMinNegSeq 0.01 — 0.20 IB 0.01 0.04 Min. value of neg. seq. curr. as multiple of IBase

CrossBlockEn No Yes

— — No Off/On selection of the cross -block logic

ChargCurEnable Disabled Enabled

— — Disabled Off/On selection for compensation of charging currents

AddDelay Disabled Enabled

— — Disabled Off/On selection for delayed diff. trip command

Table continues on next page

Section 5 1MRK505222-UUS C Differential protection

154 Technical reference manual

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description IMaxAddDelay 0.20 — 5.00 IB 0.01 1.00 Below limit, extra delay can be applied,

multiple of IBase

tDefTime 0.000 — 6.000 s 0.001 0.000 Definite time additional delay in seconds

tMinInv 0.001 — 6.000 s 0.001 0.010 Inverse Delay Minimum Time. In seconds

CurveType ANSI Ext. inv. ANSI Very inv. ANSI Norm. inv. ANSI Mod. inv. ANSI Def. Time L.T.E. inv. L.T.V. inv. L.T. inv. IEC Norm. inv. IEC Very inv. IEC inv. IEC Ext. inv. IEC S.T. inv. IEC L.T. inv. IEC Def. Time Programmable RI type RD type

— — IEC Def. Time 19 curve types. Example: 15 for definite time delay.

TD 0.05 — 1.10 — 0.01 1.00 Time Multiplier Setting (TMS) for inverse delays

IdiffAlarm 0.05 — 1.00 IB 0.01 0.15 Sustained differential current alarm, factor of IBase

tAlarmdelay 0.000 — 60.000 s 0.001 10.000 Delay for alarm due to sustained differential current, in s

Table 77: LT3CPDIF (87LT) Group settings (advanced)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description EndSection1 0.20 — 1.50 IB 0.01 1.25 End of section 1, as multiple of reference

current IBase

EndSection2 1.00 — 10.00 IB 0.01 3.00 End of section 2, as multiple of reference current IBase

SlopeSection2 10.0 — 50.0 % 0.1 40.0 Slope in section 2 of operate-restrain characteristic, in %

SlopeSection3 30.0 — 100.0 % 0.1 80.0 Slope in section 3 of operate- restrain characteristic, in %

I2/I1Ratio 5.0 — 100.0 % 1.0 10.0 Max. ratio of second harmonic to fundamental harm dif. curr. in %

I5/I1Ratio 5.0 — 100.0 % 1.0 25.0 Max. ratio of fifth harmonic to fundamental harm dif. curr. in %

p 0.01 — 1000.00 — 0.01 0.02 Settable curve parameter, user- programmable curve type.

a 0.01 — 1000.00 — 0.01 0.14 Settable curve parameter, user- programmable curve type.

Table continues on next page

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 5 Differential protection

155 Technical reference manual

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description b 0.01 — 1000.00 — 0.01 1.00 Settable curve parameter, user-

programmable curve type.

c 0.01 — 1000.00 — 0.01 1.00 Settable curve parameter, user- programmable curve type.

OpenCTEnable Disabled Enabled

— — Enabled Open CT detection feature. Open CTEnable Off/On

tOCTAlarmDelay 0.100 — 10.000 s 0.001 1.000 Open CT: time in s to alarm after an open CT is detected

tOCTResetDelay 0.100 — 10.000 s 0.001 0.250 Reset delay in s. After delay, diff. function is activated

Table 78: LT3CPDIF (87LT) Non group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description NoOfTerminals 2

3 — — 2 Number of current terminals of the protected

circuit

Chan2IsLocal No Yes

— — No 2-nd local current connected to input channel 2, Yes/ No

IBase 50.0 — 9999.9 A 0.1 3000.0 Base (reference) current of the differential protection

ZerSeqCurSubtr Disabled Enabled

— — Disabled Off/On for elimination of zero seq. from diff. and bias curr

TraAOnInpCh No Transf A 1 2 3

— — No Transf A Power transformer A applied on input channel X

RatVoltW1TraA 1.0 — 9999.9 kV 0.1 130.0 Transformer A rated voltage (kV) on winding 1 (HV winding)

RatVoltW2TraA 1.0 — 9999.9 kV 0.1 130.0 Transformer A rated voltage (kV) on winding 2 (LV winding)

ClockNumTransA 0 [0 deg] 1 [30 deg lag] 2 [60 deg lag] 3 [90 deg lag] 4 [120 deg lag] 5 [150 deg lag] 6 [180 deg lag] 7 [210 deg lag] 8 [240 deg lag] 9 [270 deg lag] 10 [300 deg lag] 11 [330 deg lag]

— — 0 [0 deg] Transf. A phase shift in multiples of 30 deg, 5 for 150 deg

ZerSeqPassTraA No Yes

— — No Yes/No for capability of transf A to transform zero seq curr

TraBOnInpCh No Transf B 1 2 3

— — No Transf B Power transformer B applied on input channel X

Table continues on next page

Section 5 1MRK505222-UUS C Differential protection

156 Technical reference manual

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description RatVoltW1TraB 1.0 — 9999.9 kV 0.1 130.0 Transformer B rated voltage (kV) on winding

1 (HV winding)

RatVoltW2TraB 1.0 — 9999.9 kV 0.1 130.0 Transformer B rated voltage (kV) on winding 2 (LV winding)

ClockNumTransB 0 [0 deg] 1 [30 deg lag] 2 [60 deg lag] 3 [90 deg lag] 4 [120 deg lag] 5 [150 deg lag] 6 [180 deg lag] 7 [210 deg lag] 8 [240 deg lag] 9 [270 deg lag] 10 [300 deg lag] 11 [330 deg lag]

— — 0 [0 deg] Transf. B phase shift in multiples of 30 deg, 2 for 60 deg

ZerSeqPassTraB No Yes

— — No Yes/No for capability of transf B to transform zero seq curr

Table 79: LT6CPDIF (87LT) Group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description Operation Disabled

Enabled — — Disabled Disable/Enable Operation

IdMin 0.20 — 2.00 IB 0.01 0.30 Oper — restr charact., section 1 sensitivity, multiple IBase

IdMinHigh 0.20 — 10.00 IB 0.01 0.80 Initial lower sensitivity, as multiple of IBase

tIdMinHigh 0.000 — 60.000 s 0.001 1.000 Time interval of initial lower sensitivity, in sec

IdUnre 1.00 — 50.00 IB 0.01 10.00 Unrestrained differential current limit, multiple of IBase

NegSeqDiffEn Disabled Enabled

— — Enabled Off/On selection for internal / external fault discriminator

NegSeqROA 30.0 — 120.0 Deg 1.0 60.0 Internal/external fault discriminator Operate Angle, degrees

IMinNegSeq 0.01 — 0.20 IB 0.01 0.04 Min. value of neg. seq. curr. as multiple of IBase

CrossBlockEn No Yes

— — No Off/On selection of the cross -block logic

I2/I1Ratio 5.0 — 100.0 % 1.0 10.0 Max. ratio of second harmonic to fundamental harm dif. curr. in %

I5/I1Ratio 5.0 — 100.0 % 1.0 25.0 Max. ratio of fifth harmonic to fundamental harm dif. curr. in %

ChargCurEnable Disabled Enabled

— — Disabled Off/On selection for compensation of charging currents

AddDelay Disabled Enabled

— — Disabled On/Off selection for delayed diff. trip command

Table continues on next page

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 5 Differential protection

157 Technical reference manual

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description IMaxAddDelay 0.20 — 5.00 IB 0.01 1.00 Below limit, extra delay can be applied,

multiple of IBase

tDefTime 0.000 — 6.000 s 0.001 0.000 Definite time additional delay in seconds

tMinInv 0.001 — 6.000 s 0.001 0.010 Inverse Delay Minimum Time. In seconds

CurveType ANSI Ext. inv. ANSI Very inv. ANSI Norm. inv. ANSI Mod. inv. ANSI Def. Time L.T.E. inv. L.T.V. inv. L.T. inv. IEC Norm. inv. IEC Very inv. IEC inv. IEC Ext. inv. IEC S.T. inv. IEC L.T. inv. IEC Def. Time Programmable RI type RD type

— — IEC Def. Time 19 curve types. Example: 15 for definite time delay.

TD 0.05 — 1.10 — 0.01 1.00 Time Multiplier Setting (TMS) for inverse delays

IdiffAlarm 0.05 — 1.00 IB 0.01 0.15 Sustained differential current alarm, factor of IBase

tAlarmdelay 0.000 — 60.000 s 0.001 10.000 Delay for alarm due to sustained differential current, in s

Table 80: LT6CPDIF (87LT) Group settings (advanced)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description EndSection1 0.20 — 1.50 IB 0.01 1.25 End of section 1, as multiple of reference

current IBase

EndSection2 1.00 — 10.00 IB 0.01 3.00 End of section 2, as multiple of reference current IBase

SlopeSection2 10.0 — 50.0 % 0.1 40.0 Slope in section 2 of operate-restrain characteristic, in %

SlopeSection3 30.0 — 100.0 % 0.1 80.0 Slope in section 3 of operate- restrain characteristic, in %

p 0.01 — 1000.00 — 0.01 0.02 Settable curve parameter, user- programmable curve type.

a 0.01 — 1000.00 — 0.01 0.14 Settable curve parameter, user- programmable curve type.

b 0.01 — 1000.00 — 0.01 1.00 Settable curve parameter, user- programmable curve type.

c 0.01 — 1000.00 — 0.01 1.00 Settable curve parameter, user- programmable curve type.

Table continues on next page

Section 5 1MRK505222-UUS C Differential protection

158 Technical reference manual

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description OpenCTEnable Disabled

Enabled — — Enabled Open CTEnable Off/On

tOCTAlarmDelay 0.100 — 10.000 s 0.001 1.000 Open CT: time in s to alarm after an open CT is detected

tOCTResetDelay 0.100 — 10.000 s 0.001 0.250 Reset delay in s. After delay, diff. function is activated

Table 81: LT6CPDIF (87LT) Non group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description NoOfTerminals 2

3 4 5 6

— — 2 Number of current terminals of the protected circuit

Chan2IsLocal No Yes

— — No 2-nd local current connected to input channel 2, Yes/ No

IBase 50.0 — 9999.9 A 0.1 3000.0 Base (reference) current of the differential protection

ZerSeqCurSubtr Disabled Enabled

— — Disabled Off/On for elimination of zero seq. from diff. and bias curr

TraAOnInpCh No Transf A 1 2 3 4 5 6

— — No Transf A Power transformer A applied on input channel X

RatVoltW1TraA 1.0 — 9999.9 kV 0.1 130.0 Transformer A rated voltage (kV) on winding 1 (HV winding)

RatVoltW2TraA 1.0 — 9999.9 kV 0.1 130.0 Transformer A rated voltage (kV) on winding 2 (LV winding)

ClockNumTransA 0 [0 deg] 1 [30 deg lag] 2 [60 deg lag] 3 [90 deg lag] 4 [120 deg lag] 5 [150 deg lag] 6 [180 deg lag] 7 [210 deg lag] 8 [240 deg lag] 9 [270 deg lag] 10 [300 deg lag] 11 [330 deg lag]

— — 0 [0 deg] Transf. A phase shift in multiples of 30 deg, 5 for 150 deg

ZerSeqPassTraA No Yes

— — No Yes/No for capability of transf A to transform zero seq curr

Table continues on next page

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 5 Differential protection

159 Technical reference manual

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description TraBOnInpCh No Transf B

1 2 3 4 5 6

— — No Transf B Power transformer B applied on input channel X

RatVoltW1TraB 1.0 — 9999.9 kV 0.1 130.0 Transformer B rated voltage (kV) on winding 1 (HV winding)

RatVoltW2TraB 1.0 — 9999.9 kV 0.1 130.0 Transformer B rated voltage (kV) on winding 2 (LV winding)

ClockNumTransB 0 [0 deg] 1 [30 deg lag] 2 [60 deg lag] 3 [90 deg lag] 4 [120 deg lag] 5 [150 deg lag] 6 [180 deg lag] 7 [210 deg lag] 8 [240 deg lag] 9 [270 deg lag] 10 [300 deg lag] 11 [330 deg lag]

— — 0 [0 deg] Transf. B phase shift in multiples of 30 deg, 2 for 60 deg

ZerSeqPassTraB No Yes

— — No Yes/No for capability of transf B to transform zero seq curr

Table 82: LDLPDIF (87L) Non group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description Operation Disabled

Enabled — — Enabled Disable/Enable Operation

testModeSet Disabled Enabled

— — Disabled Test mode On/Off

ReleaseLocal Block all Release local

— — Block all Release of local terminal for trip under test mode

5.1.6 Technical data Table 83: L3CPDIF, L6CPDIF, LT3CPDIF, LT6CPDIF (87L, 87LT) technical data

Function Range or value Accuracy Minimum operate current (20-200)% of IBase 1.0% of In at I In

1.0% of I at I >I n

SlopeSection2 (10.0-50.0)% —

SlopeSection3 (30.0-100.0)% —

EndSection 1 (20150)% of IBase —

Table continues on next page

Section 5 1MRK505222-UUS C Differential protection

160 Technical reference manual

Function Range or value Accuracy EndSection 2 (1001000)% of IBase —

Unrestrained limit function (1005000)% of IBase 1.0% of In at I In 1.0% of I at I > In

Second harmonic blocking (5.0100.0)% of fundamental 2.0% of In

Fifth harmonic blocking (5.0100.0)% of fundamental 6.0% of In

Inverse characteristics, see table 728, 729 and table 730

19 curve types See table 728 and table 729

Operate time 25 ms typically at 0 to 10 x Id —

Reset time 15 ms typically at 10 to 0 x Id —

Critical impulse time 2 ms typically at 0 to 10 x Id —

Charging current compensation On/Off —

5.2 1Ph High impedance differential protection HZPDIF (87)

5.2.1 Identification

Function description IEC 61850 identification

IEC 60617 identification

ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number

1Ph High impedance differential protection HZPDIF Id

SYMBOL-CC V2 EN

87

5.2.2 Introduction The 1Ph High impedance differential protection (HZPDIF, 87) function can be used when the involved CTs have the same turns ratio and similar magnetizing characteristics. It utilizes an external CT current summation by wiring, a series resistor, and a voltage dependent resistor which are mounted externally connected to the IED.

HZPDIF (87) can be used to protect tee-feeders or busbars. Six single phase function blocks are available to allow application for two three-phase zones busbar protection.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 5 Differential protection

161 Technical reference manual

5.2.3 Principle of operation The 1Ph High impedance differential protection (HZPDIF, 87) function is based on one current input with external stabilizing resistor and voltage dependent resistor. Three functions can be used to provide a three phase differential protection function. The stabilizing resistor value is calculated from the IED function operating value V TripPickup calculated to achieve through fault stability. The supplied stabilizing resistor has a link to allow setting of the correct resistance value .

See the application manual for operating voltage and sensitivity calculation.

5.2.3.1 Logic diagram

The logic diagram shows the operation principles for the 1Ph High impedance differential protection function HZPDIF (87), see figure 65. It is a simple one step IED function with an additional lower alarm level. By activating inputs, the HZPDIF (87) function can either be blocked completely, or only the trip output.

AlarmPickup

AlarmPickup

0-tAlarm 0

0.03s 0

en05000301_ansi.vsd ANSI05000301 V1 EN

Figure 65: Logic diagram for 1Ph High impedance differential protection HZPDIF (87)

Section 5 1MRK505222-UUS C Differential protection

162 Technical reference manual

5.2.4 Function block

ANSI05000363-2-en.vsd

HZPDIF (87) ISI* BLOCK BLKTR

TRIP ALARM

MEASVOLT

ANSI05000363 V2 EN

Figure 66: HZPDIF (87) function block

5.2.5 Input and output signals Table 84: HZPDIF (87) Input signals

Name Type Default Description ISI GROUP

SIGNAL — Group signal for current input

BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function

BLKTR BOOLEAN 0 Block of trip

Table 85: HZPDIF (87) Output signals

Name Type Description TRIP BOOLEAN Trip signal

ALARM BOOLEAN Alarm signal

MEASVOLT REAL Measured RMS voltage on CT secondary side

5.2.6 Setting parameters Table 86: HZPDIF (87) Group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description Operation Disabled

Enabled — — Disabled Disable/Enable Operation

AlarmPickup 2 — 500 V 1 10 Alarm voltage level on CT secondary

tAlarm 0.000 — 60.000 s 0.001 5.000 Time delay to activate alarm

TripPickup 5 — 900 V 1 100 Pickup voltage level in volts on CT secondary side

R series 10 — 20000 ohm 1 250 Value of series resistor in Ohms

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 5 Differential protection

163 Technical reference manual

5.2.7 Technical data Table 87: HZPDIF (87)technical data

Function Range or value Accuracy Operate voltage (20-400) V

I=V/R 1.0% of In

Reset ratio >95% —

Maximum continuous power

V>Pickup2/SeriesResistor 200 W —

Operate time 10 ms typically at 0 to 10 x Vd —

Reset time 105 ms typically at 10 to 0 x Vd —

Critical impulse time 2 ms typically at 0 to 10 x Vd —

5.3 Additional security logic for differential protection STSGGIO (11)

Function description IEC 61850 identification

IEC 60617 identification

ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number

Additional security logic for differential protection

STSGGIO — 11

5.3.1 Introduction Additional security logic for differential protection (STSGGIO , 11) can help the security of the protection especially when the communication system is in abnormal status or for example when there is unspecified asymmetry in the communication link. It helps to reduce the probability for mal-operation of the protection. STSGGIO (11) is more sensitive than the main protection logic to always release operation for all faults detected by the differential function. STSGGIO (11) consists of four sub functions:

Phase-to-phase current variation Zero sequence current criterion Low voltage criterion Low current criterion

Phase-to-phase current variation takes the current samples as input and it calculates the variation using the sampling value based algorithm. Phase-to-phase current variation function is major one to fulfill the objectives of the startup element.

Section 5 1MRK505222-UUS C Differential protection

164 Technical reference manual

Zero sequence criterions takes the zero sequence current as input. It increases the security of protection during the high impedance fault conditions.

Low voltage criterion takes the phase voltages and phase-to-phase voltages as inputs. It increases the security of protection when the three-phase fault occurred on the weak end side.

Low current criterion takes the phase currents as inputs and it increases the dependability during the switch onto fault case of unloaded line.

The differential function can be allowed to trip as no load is fed through the line and protection is not working correctly.

Features:

Startup element is sensitive enough to detect the abnormal status of the protected system

Startup element does not influence the operation speed of main protection Startup element would detect the evolving faults, high impedance faults and three

phase fault on weak side It is possible to block the each sub function of startup element Startup signal has a settable pulse time

5.3.2 Principle of operation Additional security logic for differential protection (STSGGIO, 11) takes the current samples, current RMS values, phase voltage values, phase-to-phase voltage values, zero sequence current and remote side startup signals as inputs.

Startup signal becomes activated when any one of the current variation startup signal, zero sequence current startup signal, voltage startup signal, and current startup signal is activated.

Phase-to-phase current variation takes current samples and generates the startup signal by comparing with the pickup value.

If the zero sequence current value is greater than the pickup value of zero sequence current then the zero sequence current startup signal will be activated.

Voltage startup signal becomes activated when the any of phase voltage and line voltage is less than the voltage pickup value and the remote startup signal has to be activated.

Current startup signal becomes activated when the current value in all phases is less than current pickup value.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 5 Differential protection

165 Technical reference manual

Phase-to-phase current variation

Phase-to-phase current variation one is main startup element. It covers most of the abnormal status of the system. The phase-to-phase current variation fails in high impedance faults, three-phase fault on weak side and switch onto fault on unloaded line because of low sensitivity in these cases.

Phase-to-phase current variation takes the current samples as input and the signal is evaluated using the sampling value based algorithm.

The phase-to-phase current variation criterion is shown below:

1.8 T ZDi I IFFD > D + D EQUATION2255 V1 EN

Where:

i sampling value of phase-to-phase current variation

IZD setting of fixed threshold, which corresponds to setting ICV>. The default value for the setting is 0.2IBase, where IBase is the base current.

IT float threshold

It is the full-circle integral of the phase-to-phase current variation

2 11 | ( ) | T

T n T

I i t n T

—

FF =

D = D — EQUATION2256 V1 EN

Where:

T count of sample values in one cycle

i is calculated using the below formula:

( ) [ ( ) ( )] [ ( ) ( 2 )] ( ) 2 ( ) ( 2 )

i k i k i k N i k N i k N i k i k N i k N

D = — — — — — — = — — + —

EQUATION2257 V1 EN

N is the number of samples in one cycle.

Section 5 1MRK505222-UUS C Differential protection

166 Technical reference manual

Current variation subfunction

I3P

t

ANSI10000295-1-en.vsd

t

t Pick Up VAB

Pick Up VBC

Pick Up VCA

STCVOR

Time Delay CV

cont

cont

Time Delay CV

Time Delay CV i

ANSI10000295 V1 EN

Figure 67: Current variation logic diagram

Time Delay CV is the time setting for the change of current criterion. Phase current samples are included in input signal I3P.

Zero sequence current criterion

Zero sequence criterion is mainly for detection of remote IED high resistance faults or some gradual faults. The criterion takes the zero sequence current as input. Zero sequence current is compared with PU 3I0 for the t3I0 time to generate the zero sequence current startup signal.

a>b a

b ANDPU 3I0

BLK3I0 BLOCK

Pick Up 3I0

I3P

OR

t t3I0

ANSI09000778-2-en.vsd ANSI09000778 V2 EN

Figure 68: Zero sequence current criterion logic diagram

Here PU 3I0 is the setting of the maximum possible non-faulted zero sequence current for the protected line. The default value for this setting is 0.1 IBase where IBase is the rated current of the CT.

t3I0 is the time setting for the zero sequence current criterion.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 5 Differential protection

167 Technical reference manual

The zero sequence current criterion can be blocked by activating the BLK3I0 input signal.

Low voltage criterion

Low voltage criterion is mainly for detection of the three phase faults occurring on weak side with pre fault no load condition. The low voltage criterion takes the voltage phase values, voltage phase-to-phase values and remote startup signals as inputs. The logic for low voltage criterion is shown below:

AND

BLKUV

BLOCK

27 PU

V3P (UPhN)

V3P (UPhPh)

a

b

a

b

REMSTEP

OR

t tUV

OR

ANSI09000779-2-en.vsd

(Recived)

V_Ph-N

V_Ph-Ph<

ANSI09000779 V2 EN

Figure 69: Low voltage criterion logic diagram

Voltage phase value is compared with the pickup value of voltage phase and voltage phase-to-phase value is compared with the pickup value of voltage phase-to-phase. If any of the phase voltage and phase-to-phase voltages is below the set voltage levels for some time duration (tUV) then the low voltage PICKUP signal becomes activated after receiving the remote startup signal. Low voltage criterion can be blocked by activating BLKUV input signal.

If there are more than one remote IED, all the startup signals of the remote ends are logically OR to obtain the REMSTEP signal from the remote side as input.

Low current criterion

The current in each phase is compared to the set current level. If all currents are below setting PU_37, the STUC output is activated after the set delay tUC.

Section 5 1MRK505222-UUS C Differential protection

168 Technical reference manual

PU_37

BLUC BLOCK

PU_UC

I3P

OR

t tUC

AND a

a b

ANSI09000780-1-en.vsd ANSI09000780 V1 EN

Figure 70: Low current criterion logic diagram

Security logic for differential protection

The configuration for the additional security logic for differential protection is shown in fig 71. The function will release tripping of the line differential protection up to the end of timer tStUpReset.

Phase-phase current variation

STCV i

ULOW <

I0 >

27 PU

Pick Up 3IO

PU_UC

OR

Local side start-up Send signal to remote side

Zero sequence current criterion

Low voltage criterion

Low current criterion

ANSI10000296-1-en.vsd

I0 <

REMSTEP

t tStUpReset BFI_3P

ANSI10000296 V1 EN

Figure 71: Additional security logic for differential protection. Logic diagram for start up element.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 5 Differential protection

169 Technical reference manual

5.3.3 Function block STSGGIO (11REL)

I3P* V3P* BLOCK BLKCV BLUC BLK3I0 BLKUV REMSTEP

BFI_3P Pick Up VAB Pick Up VBC Pick Up VCA

PU_UC Pick Up 3I0

27 PU

ANSI09000781-1-en.vsd ANSI09000781 V1 EN

Figure 72: STSGGIO (11) function block

5.3.4 Input and output signals Table 88: STSGGIO (11REL) Input signals

Name Type Default Description I3P GROUP

SIGNAL — Group signal for current input

V3P GROUP SIGNAL

— Group signal for voltage input

BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block

BLKCV BOOLEAN 0 Block of ph to ph current variation criterion

BLUC BOOLEAN 0 Block of the low current criterion

BLK3I0 BOOLEAN 0 Block of zero sequence current criterion

BLKUV BOOLEAN 0 Block of under voltage criterion

REMSTEP BOOLEAN 0 Startup signal of remote end

Table 89: STSGGIO (11REL) Output signals

Name Type Description BFI_3P BOOLEAN Pick Up

Pick Up VAB BOOLEAN Pickup for current variation criterion for phase AB

Pick Up VBC BOOLEAN Pickup for current variation criterion for phase BC

Pick Up VCA BOOLEAN Pickup for current variation criterion for phase CA

PU_UC BOOLEAN Pickup for low current criterion

Pick Up 3I0 BOOLEAN Pickup for zero sequence current criterion

27 PU BOOLEAN Pickup for under voltage criterion

Section 5 1MRK505222-UUS C Differential protection

170 Technical reference manual

5.3.5 Setting parameters Table 90: STSGGIO (11REL) Group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description Operation Disabled

Enabled — — Disabled Operation Off/On

IBase 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Base setting for current in A

VBase 0.05 — 2000.00 kV 0.05 400 Base setting for voltage in kV

tStUpReset 0.000 — 60.000 s 0.001 7.000 Reset delay for startup signal

Enable CV Disabled Enabled

— — Enabled Disable/Enable current variation operation

Pick Up ICV 1 — 100 %IB 1 20 Fixed threshold for ph to ph current variation criterion

Operation37 Disabled Enabled

— — Enabled Disable/Enable low current criterion

PU_37 0 — 100 %IB 1 5 Pickup for low current in % of IBase

Enable 3I0 Disabled Enabled

— — Enabled Disable/Enable zero sequence current criterion

PU 3I0 1 — 100 %IB 1 10 Pickup zero sequence current criterion in % of IBase

OperationUV Disabled Enabled

— — Enabled Disable/Enable under voltage criterion

V_Ph-N 1 — 100 %VB 1 60 Pickup phase voltage criterion in % of VBase

V_Ph-Ph 1 — 100 %VB 1 60 Pickup ph to ph voltage criterion in % of VBase

Table 91: STSGGIO (11REL) Group settings (advanced)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description Time Delay CV 0.000 — 0.005 s 0.001 0.002 Time delay for phase to phase current variation

tUC 0.000 — 60.000 s 0.001 0.200 Time delay for low current criterion

t3I0 0.000 — 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay for zero sequence current criterion

tUV 0.000 — 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay for low voltage criterion

HysAbsUV 0.0 — 100.0 %VB 0.1 0.5 Hysteresis absolute value for low voltage criterion in % of UBase

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 5 Differential protection

171 Technical reference manual

5.3.6 Technical data Table 92: STSGGIO (11) technical data

Function Range or value Accuracy Operate current, zero sequence (1-100)% of lBase 1,0% of In

Operate current, low operation (1-100)% of lBase 1,0% of In

Operate voltage, phase to neutral (1-100)% of VBase 0,5% of Vn

Operate voltage, phase to phase (1-100)% of VBase 0,5% of Vn

Timers, general (0.000-60.000) s 0.5% 10 ms

Critical impulse time 10 ms typically at 0.5 to.2 x Iset —

Impulse margin time 20 ms typically —

Transient overreach < 2% at = 100 ms —

Section 5 1MRK505222-UUS C Differential protection

172 Technical reference manual

Section 6 Impedance protection

About this chapter This chapter describes distance protection and associated functions. It includes function blocks, logic diagrams and data tables with information about distance protection, automatic switch onto fault, weak end in-feed and other associated functions. Quadrilateral characteristics are also covered.

6.1 Distance measuring zones, quadrilateral characteristic ZMQPDIS (21), ZMQAPDIS (21), ZDRDIR (21D)

6.1.1 Identification Function description IEC 61850

identification IEC 60617 identification

ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number

Distance protection zone, quadrilateral characteristic (zone 1)

ZMQPDIS

S00346 V1 EN

21

Distance protection zone, quadrilateral characteristic (zone 2-5)

ZMQAPDIS

S00346 V1 EN

21

Directional impedance quadrilateral ZDRDIR

Z<->

IEC09000167 V1 EN

21D

6.1.2 Introduction(21) The line distance protection is a, up to five zone full scheme protection with three fault loops for phase-to-phase faults and three fault loops for phase-to-ground faults for each of the independent zones. Individual settings for each zone in resistive and reactive reach gives flexibility for use as back-up protection for transformer connected to overhead lines and cables of different types and lengths.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 6 Impedance protection

173 Technical reference manual

ZMQPDIS (21) together with Phase selection with load encroachment FDPSPDIS (21) has functionality for load encroachment, which increases the possibility to detect high resistive faults on heavily loaded lines, as shown in figure73.

en05000034.vsd

R

X

Forward operation

Reverse operation

IEC05000034 V1 EN

Figure 73: Typical quadrilateral distance protection zone with Phase selection with load encroachment function FDPSPDIS (21) activated

The independent measurement of impedance for each fault loop together with a sensitive and reliable built-in phase selection makes the function suitable in applications with single-phase autoreclosing.

Built-in adaptive load compensation algorithm prevents overreaching of zone 1 at load exporting end at phase-to-ground faults on heavily loaded power lines.

The distance protection zones can operate independently of each other in directional (forward or reverse) or non-directional mode. This makes them suitable, together with different communication schemes, for the protection of power lines and cables in complex network configurations, such as parallel lines, multi-terminal lines, and so on.

6.1.3 Principle of operation

6.1.3.1 Full scheme measurement

The execution of the different fault loops within the IED are of full scheme type, which means that each fault loop for phase-to-ground faults and phase-to-phase faults for forward and reverse faults are executed in parallel.

Section 6 1MRK505222-UUS C Impedance protection

174 Technical reference manual

Figure 74 presents an outline of the different measuring loops for up to five, impedance- measuring zones. There are 3 to 5 zones depending on product type and variant.

A-G B-G C-G

A-G B-G C-G

A-G B-G C-G

A-G B-G C-G

A-B B-C C-A

A-B B-C C-A

A-B B-C -A

A-B B-C C-A

A-G B-G C-G A-B B-C C-A

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3

Zone 4

Zone 5

C

Zone 6A-G B-G C-G A-B B-C C-A

ANSI05000458-2-en.vsd ANSI05000458 V2 EN

Figure 74: The different measuring loops at phase-to-ground fault and phase-to- phase fault.

The use of full scheme technique gives faster operation time compared to switched schemes which mostly uses a pickup of an overreaching element to select correct voltages and current depending on fault type. Each distance protection zone performs like one independent distance protection IED with six measuring elements.

6.1.3.2 Impedance characteristic

The distance measuring zone includes six impedance measuring loops; three intended for phase-to-ground faults, and three intended for phase-to-phase as well as, three- phase faults.

The distance measuring zone will essentially operate according to the non-directional impedance characteristics presented in figure 75 and figure 76. The phase-to-ground characteristic is illustrated with the full loop reach while the phase-to-phase characteristic presents the per phase reach.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 6 Impedance protection

175 Technical reference manual

RFPG

X1+Xn

X1+Xn

RFPGR1+RnRFPG

RFPG

RFPG

RFPG

R

X

R1+Rn

(Ohm/loop)

ANSI05000661-3-en.vsd

R0-R1 Rn

3 =

X0-X1 Xn

3 =

j n j n

(Ohm/loop)

ANSI05000661 V3 EN

Figure 75: Characteristic for phase-to-ground measuring, ohm/loop domain

Section 6 1MRK505222-UUS C Impedance protection

176 Technical reference manual

j

R1 RFPP

X1

X1

RFPPR1RFPP

RFPP

RFPP

RFPP

R

X (Ohm/phase)

(Ohm/phase)

IEC11000428-1-en.vsd

j

0 1 3

X PE X RVPEXNRV — =

0 1 3

X PE X FWPEXNFW — = 0 1

3 X PG X FWPG—

=

0 1 3

X PG X RVPGXNRV — =

0 1 3

X PE X RVPEXNRV — =

0 1 3

X PE X FWPEXNFW — =

2 2

2 2

2 2

IEC11000428 V1 EN

Figure 76: Characteristic for phase-to-phase measuring

The fault loop reach with respect to each fault type may also be presented as in figure 77. Note in particular the difference in definition regarding the (fault) resistive reach for phase-to-phase faults and three-phase faults.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 6 Impedance protection

177 Technical reference manual

VA R1 + j X1Ip

RFPG Phase-to-ground fault in phase A

Phase-to-phase fault in phase A-B

Three-phase fault

(Arc + tower resistance)

0 (R0-R1)/3 + j (X0-X1)/3 )

IN

VA R1 + j X1IA

VB R1 + j X1

IB RFPP

VA R1 + j X1IA

VC R1 + j X1

IC

0.5RFPP

0.5RFPP

(Arc resistance)

Phase-to-ground element

Phase-to-phase element A-B

Phase-to-phase element A-C

ANSI05000181_2_en.vsd ANSI05000181 V2 EN

Figure 77: Fault loop model

The R1 and jX1 in figure 77 represents the positive sequence impedance from the measuring point to the fault location. The settings RFPG and RFPP are the eventual fault resistances in the faulty place.

Regarding the illustration of three-phase fault in figure 77, there is of course fault current flowing also in the third phase during a three-phase fault. The illustration merely reflects the loop measurement, which is made phase-to-phase.

The zone can be set to operate in Non-directional, Forward or Reverse direction through the setting OperationDir. The result from respective set value is illustrated in figure 78. The impedance reach is symmetric, in the sense that it conforms for forward

Section 6 1MRK505222-UUS C Impedance protection

178 Technical reference manual

and reverse direction (there are different forward and reverse settings — Zx and ZxRev respectively, where x = 1 — 5). Therefore, all reach settings apply to both directions.

en05000182.vsd

R

X

R

X

R

X

Non-directional Forward Reverse

IEC05000182 V1 EN

Figure 78: Directional operating modes of the distance measuring zones

6.1.3.3 Minimum operating current

The operation of Distance measuring zones, quadrilateral characteristic (ZMQPDIS,21) is blocked if the magnitude of input currents fall below certain threshold values.

The phase-to-ground loop AG (BG or CG) is blocked if IA (IB or IC) < IMinPUPG.

For zone 1 with load compensation feature the additional criterion applies, that all phase- to-ground loops will be blocked when IN < IMinOpIR, regardless of the phase currents.

IA (IB or IC) is the RMS value of the current in phase IA (IB or IC). IN is the RMS value of the vector sum of the three-phase currents, that is, residual current 3I0.

The phase-to-phase loop AB (BC or CA) is blocked if IAB (BC or CA) < IMinPUPP.

All three current limits IMinPUPG, IMinOpIR and IMinPUPP are automatically reduced to 75% of regular set values if the zone is set to operate in reverse direction, that is, OperationDir = Reverse.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 6 Impedance protection

179 Technical reference manual

6.1.3.4 Measuring principles

Fault loop equations use the complex values of voltage, current, and changes in the current. Apparent impedances are calculated and compared with the set limits. The apparent impedances at phase-to-phase faults follow equation 4 (example for a phase A to phase B fault).

= VA — VB

Zapp

IA — IB EQUATION1545 V1 EN (Equation 4)

Here V and I represent the corresponding voltage and current phasors in the respective phase Ln (n = 1, 2, 3)

The ground return compensation applies in a conventional manner to phase-to-ground faults (example for a phase A to ground fault) according to equation 5.

= +

app

N

V _ A Z

I _ A I KN

EQUATION1546 V1 EN (Equation 5)

Where:

V_A, I_A and IN are the phase voltage, phase current and residual current present to the IED

KN is defined as:

Z0 Z1KN 3 Z1

— =

EQUATION-2105 V1 EN

0 0 0Z R jX= + EQUATION2106 V1 EN

1 1 1Z R jX= + EQUATION2107 V1 EN

Where

R0 is setting of the resistive zero sequence reach

X0 is setting of the reactive zero sequence reach

R1 is setting of the resistive positive sequence reach

X1 is setting of the reactive positive sequence reach

Section 6 1MRK505222-UUS C Impedance protection

180 Technical reference manual

Here IN is a phasor of the residual current in IED point. This results in the same reach along the line for all types of faults.

The apparent impedance is considered as an impedance loop with resistance R and reactance X.

The formula given in equation 5 is only valid for radial feeder application without load. When load is considered in the case of single phase-to-ground fault, conventional distance protection might overreach at exporting end and underreach at importing end. The IED has an adaptive load compensation which increases the security in such applications.

Measuring elements receive current and voltage information from the A/D converter. The check sums are calculated and compared, and the information is distributed into memory locations. For each of the six supervised fault loops, sampled values of voltage (V), current (I), and changes in current between samples (DI) are brought from the input memory and fed to a recursive Fourier filter.

The filter provides two orthogonal values for each input. These values are related to the loop impedance according to equation 6,

D = +

w D0

X i V R i

t EQUATION1547 V1 EN (Equation 6)

in complex notation, or:

0

Re( ) Re( ) Re ( )

X I V R I

t

D = +

w D

EQUATION1548 V1 EN (Equation 7)

0

Im( ) Im( ) Im( )

X I V R I

t

D = +

w D

EQUATION1549 V1 EN (Equation

with

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 6 Impedance protection

181 Technical reference manual

w0 2 p f0 =

EQUATION356 V1 EN (Equation 9)

where:

Re designates the real component of current and voltage,

Im designates the imaginary component of current and voltage and

f0 designates the rated system frequency

The algorithm calculates Rmmeasured resistance from the equation for the real value of the voltage and substitutes it in the equation for the imaginary part. The equation for the Xm measured reactance can then be solved. The final result is equal to:

D — D =

D — D m

Im(V) Re(I) Re(V) lm(I) R

Re(I) lm(I) lm(I) Re (I) EQUATION1550 V1 EN (Equation 10)

— = w

D — D D m 0

Re(V) lm(I) lm(V) Re (I) X

Re (I) lm(I) lm(I) Re (I) t

EQUATION1551 V1 EN (Equation 11)

The calculated Rm and Xm values are updated each sample and compared with the set zone reach. The adaptive tripping counter counts the number of permissive tripping results. This effectively removes any influence of errors introduced by the capacitive voltage transformers or by other factors.

The directional evaluations are performed simultaneously in both forward and reverse directions, and in all six fault loops. Positive sequence voltage and a phase locked positive sequence memory voltage are used as a reference. This ensures unlimited directional sensitivity for faults close to the IED point.

6.1.3.5 Directional impedance element for quadrilateral characteristics

The evaluation of the directionality takes place in Directional impedance quadrilateral function ZDRDIR (21D). Equation 12 and equation 13 are used to classify that the fault is in forward direction for phase-to-ground fault and phase-to-phase fault.

1 1

1

0.8 1 0.2 1 arg ReL L M

L

V V ArgDir ArgNeg s

I

+ — < <

EQUATION1552 V2 EN (Equation 12)

Section 6 1MRK505222-UUS C Impedance protection

182 Technical reference manual

For the AB element, the equation in forward direction is according to.

1 2 1 2

1 2

0.8 1 0.2 1 arg ReL L L L M

L L

V V ArgDir ArgNeg s

I

+ — < <

EQUATION1553 V2 EN (Equation 13)

where:

AngDir is the setting for the lower boundary of the forward directional characteristic, by default set to 15 (= -15 degrees) and

AngNegRes is the setting for the upper boundary of the forward directional characteristic, by default set to 115 degrees, see figure 79.

V1A is positive sequence phase voltage in phase A

V1AM is positive sequence memorized phase voltage in phase A

IA is phase current in phase A

V1AB is voltage difference between phase A and B (B lagging A)

V1ABM is memorized voltage difference between phase A and B (B lagging A)

IAB is current difference between phase A and B (B lagging A)

The setting of AngDir and AngNegRes is by default set to 15 (= -15) and 115 degrees respectively (as shown in figure 79). It should not be changed unless system studies have shown the necessity.

ZDRDIR gives binary coded directional information per measuring loop on the output STDIRCND.

STDIR= FWD_A*1+FWD_B*2+FWD_C*4+FWD_AB*8+ +FWD_BC*16+FWD_CA*32+REV_A*64+REV_B*128+REV_C*256+ +REV_AB*512+REV_BC*1024+REV_CA*2048

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 6 Impedance protection

183 Technical reference manual

R

X

AngDir

AngNegRes

en05000722_ansi.vsd ANSI05000722 V1 EN

Figure 79: Setting angles for discrimination of forward and reverse fault in Directional impedance quadrilateral function ZDRDIR (21D)

The reverse directional characteristic is equal to the forward characteristic rotated by 180 degrees.

The polarizing voltage is available as long as the positive sequence voltage exceeds 5% of the set base voltage VBase. So the directional element can use it for all unsymmetrical faults including close-in faults.

For close-in three-phase faults, the V1AM memory voltage, based on the same positive sequence voltage, ensures correct directional discrimination.

The memory voltage is used for 100 ms or until the positive sequence voltage is restored.

After 100ms the following occurs:

If the current is still above the set value of the minimum operating current (between 10 and 30% of the set IED rated current IBase), the condition seals in. If the fault has caused tripping, the trip endures. If the fault was detected in the reverse direction, the measuring element in

the reverse direction remains in operation. If the current decreases below the minimum operating value, the memory resets

until the positive sequence voltage exceeds 10% of its rated value.

Section 6 1MRK505222-UUS C Impedance protection

184 Technical reference manual

6.1.3.6 Simplified logic diagrams

Distance protection zones The design of the distance protection zones are presented for all measuring loops: phase- to-ground as well as phase-to-phase.

Phase-to-ground related signals are designated by AG, BG and CG. The phase-to- phase signals are designated by AB, BC and CA.

Fulfillment of two different measuring conditions is necessary to obtain the one logical signal for each separate measuring loop:

Zone measuring condition, which follows the operating equations described above. Group functional input signal (PHSEL), as presented in figure 80.

Two types of function block, ZMQPDIS (21) and ZMQAPDIS (21), are used in the IED. ZMQPDIS (21) is used for zone 1 and ZMQAPDIS (21) for zone 2 — 5.

The PHSEL input signal represents a connection of six different integer values from Phase selection with load encroachment, quadrilateral characteristic function FDPSPDIS (21) within the IED, which are converted within the zone measuring function into corresponding boolean expressions for each condition separately. Input signal PHSEL is connected to FDPSPDIS (21) function output PHSELZ.

The input signal DIRCND is used to give condition for directionality for the distance measuring zones. The signal contains binary coded information for both forward and reverse direction. The zone measurement function filters out the relevant signals depending on the setting of the parameter OperationDir. It must be configured to the STDIR output on ZDRDIR (21D) function.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 6 Impedance protection

185 Technical reference manual

ANSI99000557-1-en.vsd

AB

BC

CA

AND

AND

AND

AND

AND

AND

AG

BG

CG

PHSEL

NDIR_AB

NDIR_BC

NDIR_CA

NDIR_A

NDIR_B

NDIR_C

PUZMPP

STNDPE

AND BLOCK

LOVBZ PHPUND

BLK

OR

OR

OR

OR

BLOCFUNC

ANSI99000557 V2 EN

Figure 80: Conditioning by a group functional input signal PHSEL, external start condition

Composition of the phase pickup signals for a case, when the zone operates in a non- directional mode, is presented in figure 81.

Section 6 1MRK505222-UUS C Impedance protection

186 Technical reference manual

ANSI09000889-1-en.vsd

NDIR_A

NDIR_B

NIDR_C

NDIR_AB

NDIR_BC

NDIR_CA

OR

OR

OR

OR

AND

AND

AND

AND

BLK

PICKUP

PU_C

PU_B

PU_A 15ms

0

15ms 0

15ms 0

15ms 0

ANSI09000889 V1 EN

Figure 81: Composition of pickup signals in non-directional operating mode

Results of the directional measurement enter the logic circuits, when the zone operates in directional (forward or reverse) mode, as shown in figure 82.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 6 Impedance protection

187 Technical reference manual

NDIR_A DIR_A

NDIR_B DIR_B

NDIR_C DIR_C

NDIR_AB DIR_AB

NDIR_BC DIR_BC

NDIR_CA DIR_CA

AND

AND

AND

AND

BLK

15 ms 0

15 ms 0

PU_ZMPG

PU_A

PU_B

PU_C

PICKUP

PU_ZMPP

AND

AND

AND

AND

AND

AND

OR

OR

OR

OR

OR

OR

ANSI09000888-2-en.vsd

15 ms 0

15 ms 0

ANSI09000888 V2 EN

Figure 82: Composition of pickup signals in directional operating mode

Tripping conditions for the distance protection zone one are symbolically presented in figure 83.

Section 6 1MRK505222-UUS C Impedance protection

188 Technical reference manual

ANSI09000887-2-en.vsd

BLKTR

AND

AND

AND

PU_A

PU_B

PU_C

TRIP

TR_A

TR_B

TR_C

PUZMPP tPPAND

AND PUZMPG

Timer tPG=enable

Timer tPP=enable

tPG OR

AND

AND

AND

OR

ORBLK

BLKFUNC

0-tPP 0

0-tPG 0

0 15 ms

ANSI09000887 V2 EN

Figure 83: Tripping logic for the distance protection zone

6.1.4 Function block

ANSI06000256-2-en.vsd

ZMQPDIS (21) I3P* V3P* BLOCK LOVBZ BLKTR PHSEL DIRCND

TRIP TR_A TR_B TR_C

PICKUP PU_A PU_B PU_C

PHPUND

ANSI06000256 V2 EN

Figure 84: ZMQPDIS (21) function block

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 6 Impedance protection

189 Technical reference manual

ANSI09000884-1-en.vsd

ZMQAPDIS (21) I3P* V3P* BLOCK LOVBZ BLKTR PHSEL DIRCND

TRIP TR_A TR_B TR_C

PICKUP PU_A PU_B PU_C

PHPUND

ANSI09000884 V1 EN

Figure 85: ZMQAPDIS (21) function block (zone 2 — 5)

ZDRDIR I3P* U3P*

STDIRCND

IEC10000007-1-en.vsd IEC10000007 V1 EN

Figure 86: ZDRDIR (21D) function block

6.1.5 Input and output signals Table 93: ZMQPDIS (21) Input signals

Name Type Default Description I3P GROUP

SIGNAL — Group signal for current input

V3P GROUP SIGNAL

— Group signal for voltage input

BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function

LOVBZ BOOLEAN 0 Blocks all output for LOV (or fuse failure) condition

BLKTR BOOLEAN 0 Blocks all trip outputs

PHSEL INTEGER 0 Faulted phase loop selection enable from phase selector

DIRCND INTEGER 0 External directional condition

Table 94: ZMQPDIS (21) Output signals

Name Type Description TRIP BOOLEAN General Trip, issued from any phase or loop

TR_A BOOLEAN Trip signal from phase A

TR_B BOOLEAN Trip signal from phase B

TR_C BOOLEAN Trip signal from phase C

PICKUP BOOLEAN General Pickup, issued from any phase or loop

Table continues on next page

Section 6 1MRK505222-UUS C Impedance protection

190 Technical reference manual

Name Type Description PU_A BOOLEAN Pickup signal from phase A

PU_B BOOLEAN Pickup signal from phase B

PU_C BOOLEAN Pickup signal from phase C

PHPUND BOOLEAN Non-directional pickup, issued from any selected phase or loop

Table 95: ZMQAPDIS (21) Input signals

Name Type Default Description I3P GROUP

SIGNAL — Group signal for current input

V3P GROUP SIGNAL

— Group signal for voltage input

BLOCK BOOLEAN 0 Block of function

LOVBZ BOOLEAN 0 Blocks all output for LOV (or fuse failure) condition

BLKTR BOOLEAN 0 Blocks all trip outputs

PHSEL INTEGER 0 Faulted phase loop selection enable from phase selector

DIRCND INTEGER 0 External directional condition

Table 96: ZMQAPDIS (21) Output signals

Name Type Description TRIP BOOLEAN General Trip, issued from any phase or loop

TR_A BOOLEAN Trip signal from phase A

TR_B BOOLEAN Trip signal from phase B

TR_C BOOLEAN Trip signal from phase C

PICKUP BOOLEAN General Pickup, issued from any phase or loop

PU_A BOOLEAN Pickup signal from phase A

PU_B BOOLEAN Pickup signal from phase B

PU_C BOOLEAN Pickup signal from phase C

PHPUND BOOLEAN Non-directional pickup, issued from any selected phase or loop

Table 97: ZDRDIR (21D) Input signals

Name Type Default Description I3P GROUP

SIGNAL — group connection for current abs 2

V3P GROUP SIGNAL

— group connection for voltage abs 2

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 6 Impedance protection

191 Technical reference manual

Table 98: ZDRDIR (21D) Output signals

Name Type Description STDIRCND INTEGER Binary coded directional information per measuring loop

6.1.6 Setting parameters

Signals and settings for ZMQPDIS are valid for zone 1 while signals and settings for ZMQAPDIS are valid for zone 2 — 5

Table 99: ZMQPDIS (21) Group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description Operation Disabled

Enabled — — Enabled Disable/Enable Operation

IBase 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Base current, i.e. rated current

VBase 0.05 — 2000.00 kV 0.05 400.00 Base voltage, i.e. rated voltage

OperationDir Disabled Non-directional Forward Reverse

— — Forward Operation mode of directionality NonDir / Forw / Rev

X1 0.10 — 3000.00 ohm/p 0.01 30.00 Positive sequence reactance reach

R1 0.01 — 1000.00 ohm/p 0.01 5.00 Positive seq. resistance for zone characteristic angle

X0 0.10 — 9000.00 ohm/p 0.01 100.00 Zero sequence reactance reach

R0 0.01 — 3000.00 ohm/p 0.01 15.00 Zero seq. resistance for zone characteristic angle

RFPP 0.10 — 3000.00 ohm/l 0.01 30.00 Fault resistance reach in ohm/loop, Ph-Ph

RFPG 0.10 — 9000.00 ohm/l 0.01 100.00 Fault resistance reach in ohm/loop, Ph-G

OperationPP Disabled Enabled

— — Enabled Operation mode Disable/Enable of Phase- Phase loops

Timer tPP Disabled Enabled

— — Enabled Operation mode Disable/Enable of Zone timer, Ph-Ph

tPP 0.000 — 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay of trip, Ph-Ph

OperationPG Disabled Enabled

— — Enabled Operation mode Disable/Enable of Phase- Ground loops

Timer tPG Disabled Enabled

— — Enabled Operation mode Disable/ Enable of Zone timer, Ph-G

tPG 0.000 — 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay of trip, Ph-G

Table continues on next page

Section 6 1MRK505222-UUS C Impedance protection

192 Technical reference manual

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description IMinPUPP 10 — 1000 %IB 1 20 Minimum pickup delta current (2 x current of

lagging phase) for Phase-to-phase loops

IMinPUPG 10 — 1000 %IB 1 20 Minimum pickup phase current for Phase-to- ground loops

IMinOpIR 5 — 1000 %IB 1 5 Minimum operate residual current for Phase- Ground loops

Table 100: ZMQAPDIS (21) Group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description Operation Disabled

Enabled — — Enabled Disable/Enable Operation

IBase 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Base current, i.e. rated current

Vbase 0.05 — 2000.00 kV 0.05 400.00 Base voltage, i.e. rated voltage

OperationDir Disabled Non-directional Forward Reverse

— — Forward Operation mode of directionality NonDir / Forw / Rev

X1 0.10 — 3000.00 ohm/p 0.01 40.00 Positive sequence reactance reach

R1 0.01 — 1000.00 ohm/p 0.01 5.00 Positive seq. resistance for zone characteristic angle

X0 0.10 — 9000.00 ohm/p 0.01 120.00 Zero sequence reactance reach

R0 0.01 — 3000.00 ohm/p 0.01 15.00 Zero seq. resistance for zone characteristic angle

RFPP 0.10 — 3000.00 ohm/l 0.01 30.00 Fault resistance reach in ohm/loop, Ph-Ph

RFPG 0.10 — 9000.00 ohm/l 0.01 100.00 Fault resistance reach in ohm/loop, Ph-G

OperationPP Disabled Enabled

— — Enabled Operation mode Disable/Enable of Phase- Phase loops

Timer tPP Disabled Enabled

— — Enabled Operation mode Disable/Enable of Zone timer, Ph-Ph

tPP 0.000 — 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay of trip, Ph-Ph

OperationPG Disabled Enabled

— — Enabled Operation mode Disable/Enable of Phase- Ground loops

Timer tPG Disabled Enabled

— — Enabled Operation mode Disable/ Enable of Zone timer, Ph-G

tPG 0.000 — 60.000 s 0.001 0.000 Time delay of trip, Ph-G

IMinPUPP 10 — 1000 %IB 1 20 Minimum pickup delta current (2 x current of lagging phase) for Phase-to-phase loops

IMinPUPG 10 — 1000 %IB 1 20 Minimum pickup phase current for Phase-to- ground loops

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 6 Impedance protection

193 Technical reference manual

Table 101: ZDRDIR (21D) Group settings (basic)

Name Values (Range) Unit Step Default Description IBase 1 — 99999 A 1 3000 Base setting for current level

VBase 0.05 — 2000.00 kV 0.05 400.00 Base setting for voltage level

IMinPUPP 5 — 30 %IB 1 10 Minimum pickup delta current (2 x current of lagging phase) for Phase-to-phase loops

IMinPUPG 5 — 30 %IB 1 5 Minimum pickup phase current for Phase-to- ground loops

AngNegRes 90 — 175 Deg 1 115 Angle of blinder in second quadrant for forward direction

AngDir 5 — 45 Deg 1 15 Angle of blinder in fourth quadrant for forward direction

6.1.7 Technical data Table 102: ZMQPDIS (21) Technical data

Function Range or value Accuracy Number of zones Max 5 with selectable

direction —

Minimum operate residual current, zone 1

(5-1000)% of IBase —

Minimum operate current, phase- to-phase and phase-to-ground

(10-1000)% of IBase —

Positive sequence reactance (0.10-3000.00) / phase

2.0% static accuracy 2.0 degrees static angular accuracy Conditions: Voltage range: (0.1-1.1) x Vn Current range: (0.5-30) x In Angle: at 0 degrees and 85 degrees

Positive sequence resistance (0.01-1000.00) / phase

Zero sequence reactance (0.10-9000.00) / phase

Zero sequence resistance (0.01-3000.00) / phase

Fault resistance, phase-to- ground

(0.10-9000.00) /loop

Fault resistance, phase-to-phase (0.10-3000.00) /loop

Dynamic overreach <5% at 85 degrees measured with CVTs and 0.5 <30

—

Impedance zone timers (0.000-60.000) s 0.5% 10 ms

Operate time 24 ms typically —

Reset ratio 105% typically —

Reset time 30 ms typically —

Section 6 1MRK505222-UUS C Impedance protection

194 Technical reference manual

6.2 Distance measuring zone, quadrilateral characteristic for series compensated lines ZMCPDIS (21), ZMCAPDIS (21), ZDSRDIR (21D)

Function description IEC 61850 identification

IEC 60617 identification

ANSI/IEEE C37.2 device number

Distance measuring zone, quadrilateral characteristic for series compensated lines (zone 1)

ZMCPDIS

S00346 V1 EN

21

Distance measuring zone, quadrilateral characteristic for series compensated lines (zone 2-5)

ZMCAPDIS

S00346 V1 EN

21

Directional impedance quadrilateral, including series compensation

ZDSRDIR

Z<->

IEC09000167 V1 EN

21D

6.2.1 Introduction The line distance protection is a, up to five zone full scheme protection with three fault loops for phase-to-phase faults and three fault loops for phase-to-ground fault for each of the independent zones. Individual settings for each zone resistive and reactive reach give flexibility for use on overhead lines and cables of different types and lengths.

Quadrilateral characteristic is available.

ZMCPDIS (21) function has functionality for load encroachment which increases the possibility to detect high resistive faults on heavily loaded lines.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 6 Impedance protection

195 Technical reference manual

en05000034.vsd

R

X

Forward operation

Reverse operation

IEC05000034 V1 EN

Figure 87: Typical quadrilateral distance protection zone with load encroachment function activated

The independent measurement of impedance for each fault loop together with a sensitive and reliable built in phase selection makes the function suitable in applications with single phase auto-reclosing.

Built-in adaptive load compensation algorithm for the quadrilateral function prevents overreaching of zone1 at load exporting end at phase to ground-faults on heavily loaded power lines.

The distance protection zones can operate, independent of each other, in directional (forward or reverse) or non-directional mode. This makes them suitable, together with different communication schemes, for the protection of power lines and cables in complex network configurations, such as parallel lines, multi-terminal lines.

6.2.2 Principle of operation

6.2.2.1 Full scheme measurement

The execution of the different fault loops within the IED are of full scheme type, which means that ground fault loop for phase-to-ground faults and phase-to-phase faults for forward and reverse faults are executed in parallel.

Figure 88 presents an outline of the different measuring loops for the basic five, impedance-measuring zones.

Section 6 1MRK505222-UUS C Impedance protection

196 Technical reference manual

A-G B-G C-G

A-G B-G C-G

A-G B-G C-G

A-G B-G C-G

A-B B-C C-A

A-B B-C C-A

A-B B-C -A

A-B B-C C-A

A-G B-G C-G A-B B-C C-A

Zone 1

Zone 2

Zone 3

Zone 4

Zone 5

C

Zone 6A-G B-G C-G A-B B-C C-A

ANSI05000458-2-en.vsd ANSI05000458 V2 EN

Figure 88: The different measuring loops at phase-to-ground fault and phase-to- phase fault

The use of full scheme technique gives faster operation time compared to switched schemes which mostly uses a pickup of an overreaching element to select correct voltages and current depending on fault type. Each distance protection zone performs like one independent distance protection IED with six measuring elements.

6.2.2.2 Impedance characteristic

Distance measuring zone, quadrilateral characteristic for series compensated lines (ZMCPDIS, 21) include six impedance measuring loops; three intended for phase-to- ground faults, and three intended for phase-to-phase as well as, three-phase faults.

The distance measuring zone operates according to the non-directional impedance characteristics presented in figure 89 and figure 90. The phase-to-ground characteristic is illustrated with the full loop reach while the phase-to-phase characteristic presents the per-phase reach.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 6 Impedance protection

197 Technical reference manual

R1PG+RNFw

RFFwPG

X1FwPG+XNFw

X1RvPG+XNRv

RFFwPGRFRvPG

RFFwPG

RFRvPG

RFRvPG

R

X (Ohm/loop)

(Ohm/loop)

ANSI09000625-1-en.vsd

j N

0 1 3

X PE X RVPEXNRV — =

0 1 3

X PE X FWPEXNFW — = 0 1

3 X PG X FWPG—

=

0 1 3

X PG X RVPGXNRV — =

j N

j N

0 1

3

X PG X FwPG XNFw

— =

1

1

X RvPG XNRv XNFw

X FwPG =

0 1

3

R PG R PG RNFw

— =

ANSI09000625 V1 EN

Figure 89: Characteristic for the phase-to-ground measuring loops, ohm/loop domain

Section 6 1MRK505222-UUS C Impedance protection

198 Technical reference manual

j

R1PP RFFwPP

X1FwPP

X1RvPP

RFFwPPRFRvPP

RFFwPP

RFRvPP

RFRvPP

R

X (Ohm/phase)

(Ohm/phase)

IEC09000632-1-en.vsd

j

0 1 3

X PE X RVPEXNRV — =

0 1 3

X PE X FWPEXNFW — = 0 1

3 X PG X FWPG—

=

0 1 3

X PG X RVPGXNRV — =

0 1 3

X PE X RVPEXNRV — =

0 1 3

X PE X FWPEXNFW — =

2 2

2 2

2 2

j N

Nj

IEC09000632 V1 EN

Figure 90: Characteristic for the phase-to-phase measuring loops

The fault loop reach with respect to each fault type may also be presented as in figure 91. Note in particular the difference in definition regarding the (fault) resistive reach for phase-to-phase faults and three-phase faults.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 6 Impedance protection

199 Technical reference manual

VA R1 + j X1Ip

RFPG Phase-to-ground fault in phase A

Phase-to-phase fault in phase A-B

Three-phase fault

(Arc + tower resistance)

0 (R0-R1)/3 + j (X0-X1)/3 )

IN

VA R1 + j X1IA

VB R1 + j X1

IB RFPP

VA R1 + j X1IA

VC R1 + j X1

IC

0.5RFPP

0.5RFPP

(Arc resistance)

Phase-to-ground element

Phase-to-phase element A-B

Phase-to-phase element A-C

ANSI05000181_2_en.vsd ANSI05000181 V2 EN

Figure 91: Fault loop model

The R1 and jX1 in figure 91 represents the positive sequence impedance from the measuring point to the fault location. The RFPG and RFPP is the eventual fault resistance in the fault place.

Regarding the illustration of three-phase fault in figure 91, there is of course fault current flowing also in the third phase during a three-phase fault. The illustration merely reflects the loop measurement, which is made phase-to-phase.

The zone may be set to operate in Non-directional, Forward or Reverse direction through the setting OperationDir. The result from respective set value is illustrated in figure 92. It may be convenient to once again mention that the impedance reach is symmetric, forward and reverse direction. Therefore, all reach settings apply to both directions.

Section 6 1MRK505222-UUS C Impedance protection

200 Technical reference manual

en05000182.vsd

R

X

R

X

R

X

Non-directional Forward Reverse

IEC05000182 V1 EN

Figure 92: Directional operating modes of the distance measuring zone

6.2.2.3 Minimum operating current

The operation of Distance measuring zone, quadrilateral characteristic for series compensated lines (ZMCPDIS,ZMCAPDIS, 21) is blocked if the magnitude of input currents fall below certain threshold values.

The phase-to-ground loop AG (BG or CG) is blocked if IA (IB or IC) < IMinPUPG.

For zone 1 with load compensation feature the additional criterion applies, that all phase- to-ground loops will be blocked when IN < IMinOpIR, regardless of the phase currents.

IA (IB or IC) is the RMS value of the current in phase IA (IB or IC). IN is the RMS value of the vector sum of the three phase currents, that is, residual current 3I0.

The phase-to-phase loop AB (BC or CA) is blocked if IAB (BC or CA)< IMinPUPP.

All three current limits IMinPUPG, IMinOpIR and IMinPUPP are automatically reduced to 75% of regular set values if the zone is set to operate in reverse direction, that is, OperationDir=Reverse.

1MRK505222-UUS C Section 6 Impedance protection

201 Technical reference manual

6.2.2.4 Measuring principles

Fault loop equations use the complex values of voltage, current, and changes in the current. Apparent impedances are calculated and compared with the set limits. The calculation of the apparent impedances at ph-ph faults follows equation 14 (example for a phase A to phase B fault).

= VA — VB

Zapp

IA — IB EQUATION1545 V1 EN (Equation 14)

Here V and I represent the corresponding voltage and current phasors in the respective phase.

The ground return compensation applies in a conventional manner to ph-g faults (example for a phase A to ground fault) according to equation 15.

= +

app

N

V _ A Z

I _ A I KN

EQUATION1546 V1 EN (Equation 15)

Where:

V_A, I_A and IN are the phase voltage, phase current and residual current present to the IED

KN is defined as:

Z0 Z1KN 3 Z1

— =

EQUATION-2105 V1 EN

0 0 0Z R jX= + EQUATION2106 V1 EN

1 1 1Z R jX= + EQUATION2107 V1 EN

Where

R0 is setting of the resistive zero sequence reach

X0 is setting of the reactive zero sequence reach

R1 is setting of the resistive positive sequence reach

X1 is setting of the reactive positive sequence reach

Section 6 1MRK505222-UUS C Impedance protection

202 Technical reference manual

Here IN is a phasor of the residual current at the IED point. This results in the same reach along the line for all types of faults.

The apparent impedance is considered as an impedance loop with resistance R and reactance X.

The formula given in equation 15 is only valid for no loaded radial feeder applications. When load is considered in the case of single phase-to-ground fault, conventional distance protection might overreach at exporting end and underreach at importing end. IED has an adaptive load compensation which increases the security in such applications.

Measuring elements receive current and voltage information from the A/D converter. The check sums are calculated and compared, and the information is distributed into memory locations. For each of the six supervised fault loops, sampled values of voltage (V), current (I), and changes in current between samples (DI) are brought from the input memory and fed to a recursive Fourier filter.