Практическое руководство по английский

English Club, Практическое руководство, Валеева Е.В., 2020.

   Данное практическое руководство предназначается для дополнительных факультативных занятий студентам всех специальностей СТИ НИЯУ МИФИ и преподавателям при подготовке к проведению собраний Английского клуба. Оно также может быть использовано на курсах английского языка слушателями, имеющими базовые знания, заинтересованными в развитии своих речевых навыков и реальном увеличении активного словарного запаса.
Руководство охватывает различные сферы жизни и предоставляет разно жанровые материалы для чтения, дискуссий и проработки на современном «живом» английском языке. Оно имеет вид рабочей тетради с графами для заполнения. Курс рассчитан на 90 часов аудиторных занятий и включает около 1.700 лексических единиц.

The American Dream, by Martha Boardman.
The American Dream, the hope for a better life in a new country, has attracted people from all over the world. Most of them leave their homeland because they are poor and have few opportunities. Some are forced to leave because of famines and civil war: others come for religion freedom.

The number of legal immigrants into the US is controlled by the immigrating quotas which are constantly changing. For example, in recent years, the number of Haitians allowed into the United States has increased by 5.2 percent, but for Mexicans it has decreased by 19.3 percent. Russians are not winning Green Cards any longer.

Some people enter the US illegally: they cross the southern border from Mexico or stay after their visas run out. They live with the fear that they will be found and sent back to their country. Under the 1986 Immigration Act. a number of illegal immigrants have become legal refugees, because it is too dangerous for them to stay in their homeland.

ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ.
ВВЕДЕНИЕ.
РЕКОМЕНДАЦИИ ПРЕПОДАВАТЕЛЮ.
LESSON 1. FRIENDS. FAMILIARS, FOLLOWERS.
LESSON 2. WELCOME TO THE UNITED STATES!.
LESSON 3. ALIENS. WHAT ARE THEY LIKE?.
LESSON 4. SPEAK OUT AT THE SPEAKERS’ CORNER.
LESSON 5. I LOST MY FRIEND BECAUSE OF THE PRACTICAL JOKE.
LESSON 6. SHEER NECESSITY OR A GOOD WAY TO GAIN EXPERIENCE?.
LESSON 7. FEARS IS ALL IN THE GENES!.
LESSON 8. SOMEBODY! HELP ME! I’M GETTING SICK.
LESSON 9. LEFT. RIGHT OR CENTER?.
LESSON 10. BLIND DATES. WOULD YOU RISK?.
LESSON 11. THE ABANDONED AREA OF CHERNOBYL.
LESSON 12. LET’S PUT SOME PIZZAZZ IN THE TV SCHEDULE!.
LESSON 13. TOMORROW’S MIND AND BODY OR IF WISHES WERE HORSES.
LESSON 14. OPENING A NEW RESTAURANT!.
LESSON 15. GUILTY OR NOT GUILTY? MAKE THE PUNISHMENT FIT THE CRIME!.
LESSON 16. SHOP TILL YOU DROP!.
РЕКОМЕНДУЕМАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА.
APPENDIX A. IRREGULAR VERBS.

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Дата публикации: 03.11.2021 10:25 UTC

Теги:

учебник по английскому языку :: английский язык :: Валеева

Translation examples

• practical guide
  

Министерство образования и науки Хабаровского края

Краевое государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение

 «Комсомольский-на-Амуре авиационно-технический техникум»

ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

ПО ИНОСТРАННОМУ (АНГЛИЙСКОМУ) ЯЗЫКУ

Специальность 09.02.01 Компьютерные системы и комплексы

Форма обучения (очная)

Курс 2, 3, 4 семестр 3, 4, 5, 6, 8

Практические занятия 168 часов

Самостоятельная работа 84 часа

Зачет 8 семестр

Учебное пособие составлено в соответствии с требованиями федерального государственного образовательного стандарта среднего профессионального образования, утвержденного приказом Министерства образования и науки Российской Федерации от «06» ноября 2009 г. № 247

Рассмотрено на заседании ПЦК общеобразовательных дисциплин

Протокол № ___ от «___» ___________ 2016 г.

Председатель ПЦК ___________                 Н.К. Тургенева

                             (подпись)                     (ФИО)

Составитель                  преподаватель английского языка         ___________         Т.Е. Марфина

                                          (должность)                               (подпись)                 (ФИО)

2016

Аннотация

Предлагаемое учебное пособие предназначено для студентов 2-4 курса специальности 09.02.01 Компьютерные системы и комплексы и разработано в соответствии с требованиями федерального государственного образовательного стандарта среднего профессионального образования и учебной программы курса английского языка.

Цель настоящего пособия – обучение иностранному языку в ходе взаимосвязанного развития умений в основных видах речевой деятельности, совершенствование речевых навыков и умений в использовании лексического материала. Пособие поможет студентам организовать свою работу по домашнему чтению, усвоить лексические единицы специальных технических текстов, параллельно ознакомит с оригинальными текстами, взятыми из английских и американских журналов и газет.

Основная задача представленного пособия заключается в том, чтобы помочь студентам овладеть компьютерной терминологией, а также усовершенствовать свои навыки английского языка.

Пособие содержит тексты, которые описывают все основные разделы вычислительной техники и снабжены послетекстовыми упражнениями, готовящими студентов к пересказу и самостоятельным высказываниям.

Данное издание можно использовать как для самостоятельного изучения английского языка, так и как дополнительное учебное пособие во время занятий.

Contents

Аннотация    2

Unit 1    5

Unit 2    8

Unit 3  11

Unit 4  14

Unit 5  16

Unit 6  21

Unit 7  25

Unit 8  28

Unit 9  30

Unit 10  33

Список использованных источников  37

UNIT 1

I. Look up in the dictionary how to pronounce the following words. Write them down in the dictionary.

to calculate                         ten-toothed gear wheels                         a chip

an abacus                         to aim guns                                         rectangular

a bead frame                         responsible                                         a layer

to devise                        to figure out                                         attached

a slide rule                         a generation                                        to encapsulate

to reduce                         a predecessor                                         dependable

II. Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.

History of Computers

Let us take a look at the history of the computers that we know today. The very first calculating device used was the ten fingers of a man’s hands. This, in fact, is why today we count in tens and multiply of tens. Then the abacus was invented, a bead frame in which the beads are moved from left to right. People went on using some form of abacus well into the 16th century, it is being used in some parts of the world because it can be understood without knowing how to read.

During the 17th and 18th centuries many people tried to find easy ways of calculating. J. Napier, a Scotsman, devised a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing, which is how the modern slide rule works. Henry Briggs used Napier’s ideas to produce logarithm which all mathematicians used today.

Calculus, another branch of mathematics, was independently invented by both Sir Isaac Newton, an Englishman, and Leibnitz, a German mathematician. The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820 as the result of several people’s experiments. This type of machine, which saves a great deal of time and reduces the possibility of making mistakes, depends on a ten-toothed gear wheels.

In 1830 Charles Babbage, an Englishman, designed a machine that was called ‘The Analytical Engine’. This machine, which Babbage showed at the Paris Exhibition in 1855, was an attempt to cut out the human being altogether, expert for providing the machine with the necessary facts the problem to be sowed. He never finished this work, but many of his ideas were the basis for building today’s computers.

In 1930, the first analog computer was built by American named Vannevar Bush. The device was used in World War II to help aim guns. Mark I, the name given to the first digital computer, was completed in 1944. The men responsible for this invention were Professor Howard Aiken and some people from IBM. This was the first machine that could figure out long of mathematical problems all at a very fast speed.

In 1946 two engineers at the University of Pennsylvania, J. Eckert and J. Mayshly, built the first digital computer using parts called vacuum tubes. They named their new invention UNIAC. The first generation of computers, which used vacuum tubes, came out in 1950. UNIAC I was an example of these computers which could perform thousand of calculations per second.

In 1960, the second generation of computers was developed and could perform work ten times faster than their predecessors. The reason for this extra speed was the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes. Second generation computers were smaller, faster and more dependable than first generation computers.

The third-generation computers appeared on the market in 1965. These computers could do a million calculations a second, which is 1000 times faster than the first generation computers. Unlike second-generation computers, these are controlled by tiny integrated circuits and are consequently smaller and more dependable.

Fourth-generation computers have now arrived, and the integrated circuits that are being developed have been greatly reduced in size. This is due to microminiturization, which means that the circuits are much smaller than before; as many as 1000 tiny circuits now fit onto a single chip. A chip is a square or rectangular piece of silicon, usually from 1/10 to ¼ inch, upon which several layers of an integrated circuit are attached or imprinted, after which the circuit is encapsulated in plastic metal. Fourth generation computers are 50 times faster than third-generation computers and can complete approximately 1.000.000 instructions per second.

III. Translate from English into Russian:

1. the very first calculating device                         7. first digital computer

2. to count in tens                                         8. to figure out

3. to multiply of tens                                         9. ten times faster

4. without knowing                                         10. extra speed

5. to be independently invented                         11. tiny integrated circuits

6. to save a great deal of time                         12. keeping instruction

IV. Translate from Russian into English:

1. знать сегодня                                         7. попытка

2. 10 пальцев руки человека                         8. аналоговый компьютер

3. кости на счетах двигают слева на право        9. скорость

4. продолжать использовать                         10. вакуумные лампы (трубки)

5. счеты                                                 11. транзистор

6. настоящая счетно-                                 12. интегрированные схемы

вычислительная машина

V. Fill in each blank with a word chosen from the list below to complete the meaning of the sentence:

chip, speed, figure out, calculating, reduces, microminiturization,

analog, logarithm, abacus, machine, vacuum tubes,

tiny, dependable, devised

1. The very first ….. device used was 10 fingers of a man’s hand.

2. Then, the ….. was invented.

3. J. Napier ….. a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing.

4. Henry Briggs used J.Napier’s ideas to produce ….. .

5. The first real calculating ….. appeared in 1820.

6. This type of machine ….. the possibility of making mistakes.

7. In 1930 the first ….. computer was built.

8. This was the first machine that could ….. ….. mathematical problems at a very fast speed.

9. In 1946 was built the first digital computer using parts called …. .

10. The reason for this extra ….. was the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes.

11. The second generation computers were smaller, faster and more ….. than first-generation computers.

12. The third-generation computers are controlled by ….. integrated circuits.

13. This is due to ….., which means that the circuits are much smaller than before.

14. A ….. is a square or rectangular piece of silicon, usually from 1/10 to 1/4 inch.

VI. Fill in the preposition:

1. Let us take a look ….. the history of computers.

2. That is why we count ….. tens and multiply ….. tens.

3. The beads are moved ….. left ….. right.

4. Abacus is still being used ….. some parts ….. the world.

5. Calculus was independently invented ….. both Sir Isaac Newton and Leibnitz.

6. This type of machine depends ….. a ten-toothed gear wheels.

7. «The Analytical Engine» was shown ….. the Paris Exhibition ….. 1855.

8. The men responsible ….. this invention were Professor Howard Aiken and some people ….. IBM.

9. The first generation of computers came ….. in 1950.

10. Due to microminiturization 1000 tiny circuits fit ….. a single chip.

VII. Finish the following sentences:

1. The first generation of computers came out in ….. .

2. The second generation of computers could perform work ten times faster than their …. .

3. The third-generation computers appeared on the market in ….. .

4. The fourth-generation computers have been greatly ….. .

5. The fourth-generation computers are 50 times faster and can ….. .

VIII. Find the synonyms to the following words in the text:

simple, to carry out, up to date, quick, to try, small

IX. Find the antonyms to the following words in the text:

Like, short, to increase, sole, dependently

X. Arrange the items of the plan in a logical order according to the text:

1. J. Napier devised a mechanical way of multiplying and dividing.

2. The very first calculating device was the ten fingers of a man’s hands.

3. Babbage showed his analytical engine at Paris Exhibition.

4. The first real calculating machine appeared in 1820.

5. The first analog computer was used in World War II.

XI. Answer the questions on the text:

1. What was the very first calculating device?

2. What is abacus? When did people begin to use them?

3. When did a lot of people try to find easy ways of calculating?

4. Who used Napier’s ideas to produce logarithm?

5. What was invented by Sir Isaac Newton and Leibnitz?

6. What did Charles Babbage design?

7. When was the first analog computer built? How did people use it?

8. Who built the first digital computer?

9. How did the first generation of computers work?

10. What are the differences between the first and the second computer generations?

11. When did the third-generation computers appear?

UNIT 2

I. Look up in the dictionary how to pronounce the following words. Write them down in the dictionary.

to intricate                                 capabilities                                 a microcomputer

tiny                                         addition                                 a circuit

a core                                         subtraction                                 unfortunately

to manipulate                                 division                                 dull

to magnetize                                 multiplication                                 a routine

to perform                                 exponentiation                         a judgement

to supply                                 to feed                                 instantaneously

II. Read the text and translate it without the help of the dictionary.

What is a Computer?

A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits that operate switches or magnetize tiny metal cores. The switches, like the cores, are capable of being in one of two possible states, that is, on or off; magnetized.

The machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters and characters.

The basic idea of a computer is that we can make the machine do what we want by inputting signals that turn certain switches on and turn others off, or that magnetize or do not magnetize the cores.

The basic job of computers is the processing of information. For this reason, computers can be defined as devices which accept information in the from of instructions called a program and characters called data performing mathematical and logical operations on the information, and then supply results of these operations.

The program or a part of it, which tells the computers what to do and the data, which provide the information needed to solve the problem, are kept inside the computer in a place called memory.

Computers are thought to have many remarkable powers. Most computers, whether large or small have three basic capabilities.

First, computers have circuits for performing arithmetical operations, such as: addition, subtraction, division, multiplication and exponentiation. Second, computers have means of communicating with the user. If we couldn’t feed information in and get results back these machine wouldn’t be of much use.

However, certain computers (commonly minicomputers and microcomputers) are used to control directly things such as robots, aircraft navigation systems, medical instruments, etc. Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use terminals, diskettes, disks and magnetic tapes.

The computer’s input device (which might be a disk drive depending on the medium used in inputting information) reads the information into the computer. For outputting information, two common devices are used a printer which prints the new information on paper, or a cathode-raytube (CRT) display screen which shows the results on a TV-like a screen. Third, computers have circuits which can make decisions. The kinds of decisions which computer circuits can make are not of the type: ‘Who would win a war between two countries?’ or ‘Who is the richest person in the world?’ Unfortunately, the computer can only decide three things, namely:’ Is one number use more often than another? ‘Are two numbers equal?’ and, ‘Is one number greater than another?’

A computer can solve a series of problems and make hundreds even thousands of logical operations without becoming tired or bored. It can find the solution to a problem in a fraction that it takes a human being to do the job. A computer can replace people in dull routine, but it has no originality, it works according to the instructions given to it and cannot exercise value judgements.

There are times when a computer seems to operate like a mechanical «brain», but its achievement are limited by the minds of human beings. A computer cannot do anything unless a person tells it what to do and gives the appropriate information, but because of electric pulses can move at the speed of light, a computer can carry out vast numbers of arithmetical-logical operations almost instantaneously.

A person can do the same, but in many cases that person would be deal long before the job was finished.

III. Translate these into your own language:

1. an intricate network                                 9. an input device

2. tiny metal cores                                         10. for outputting information

3. by inputting signals                                 11. a decision

4. the processing of information                         12. to replace

5. to define                                                 13. appropriate

6. to provide                                                 14. to carry out

7. to solve                                                 15. vast

8. memory

IV. Translate these into English:

1. переключатель, подобный                         9. непосредственно управлять

металлическому сердечнику

2. буквы и знаки (символы)                         10. схема

3. намагничивать металлический                         11. механический мозг

сердечник

4. обработка информации                                 12. ограниченный

5. выполнять металлические                         13. до тех пор пока

и логические операции

6. данные                                                 14. подходящий

7. замечательный                                         15. скорость света

8. средства связи с пользователем

V. Fill in the necessary words:

1. A computer is a ….. with an intricate network of electronic circuits.

2. The machine is ….. of storing and manipulating numbers, letters and characters.

3. The basic job of a computer is the ….. of information.

4. Most computers have three basic ….. .

5. Computers have ….. for performing arithmetical operations.

6. Certain computers are used ….. directly things such as robots, medical instruments, etc.

7. For outputting information two common ….. are used.

8. A computer can ….. people in dull routine.

VI. Fill in the gaps the prepositions:

1. A computer is a device ….. an intricate network.

2. The switches are capable of being ….. one or two states.

3. We can make the machine do what we want ….. inputting signals.

4. Computers accept information ….. the form of instructions called a program.

5. Computers have circuits ….. performing operations.

6. Computers have means of communicating ….. the user.

7. Input device may be a disk drive depending ….. the medium used ….. inputting information.

8. Computers can solve a series of problems ….. becoming tired or bored.

VII. Match the names on the left with the definitions on the right:

1. video recorder                         a) a kind of sophisticated typewriter using a computer

2. photocopier                         b) a machine which records and plays back sound

3. fax machine                        c) a machine which records and plays back pictures

4. tape recorder                        d) a camera which records moving pictures and sound

5. modem                                 e) a machine for chopping up, slicing, mashing, etc.

6. camcorder                                 f) a machine which makes copies of documents

7. robot                                 g) a machine which makes copies of documents and

sends them down telephone lines to another place

8. word-processor                        h) a machine which acts like a person

9. food-processor         i) a piece of equipment allowing you to send information from one computer down telephone lines to another computer

VIII. Write descriptions like those in exercise VII, for the following objects:

TV set                         sewing-machine                 microwave                         disks

iron                         telephone                         printer                                mouse

alarm-clock                 ventilator                         keyboard                         CD-players

IX. Give the appropriate definitions of the following terms:

computer, data, memory, input, device, output

X. Find the synonyms to the following words in the text:

Work, difficult, to fulfill, fundamental, to end, equipment

complex, way, uninterested, an accomplishment

XI. Find the antonyms to the following words in the text:

output, smaller, interesting, poor, dark, alive, large, receiving, reject, unusual

XII. Arrange the items of the plan in a logical order according to the text:

1. A computer can solve a series of problems and make hundreds even thousands of logical operations.

2. The basic job of computers is the processing of information.

3. A computer is a machine with an intricate network of electronic circuits.

4. Computers have circuits for performing arithmetic operations.

5. The machine is capable of storing and manipulating numbers, letters and characters.

6. Some of the most common methods of inputting information are to use terminals.

7. For outputting information only two common devices are used.

XIII. Answer the following questions:

1. What is a computer?

2. What is it capable to do?

3. The basic job of a computer is the processing of information, isn’t it?

4. How do we call a program, which tells the computer what to do?

5. Computers have many remarkable powers, don’t they?

6. What can computer solve?

7. Can computers do anything without a person?

XIV. Give a short summary of the text.

UNIT 3

I. Look up in the dictionary how to pronounce the following words. Write them down in the dictionary.

to adjust                                 to check in                                 to maintain

advanced                                 to enable                                 a marvel

to amend                                 to execute                                random

to assist                                 to guide                                 to rely on

to conjure                                 an image                                 a relative ease

to contribute                                 huge                                         to resemble

conversing                                 launching                                 a terminal

II. Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.

Computer Applications

Many people have or will have had some experience of ‘conversing’ with computers. They may have their own micro-computer, they may use a terminal from the main company at work or they may have a television set with a view data facility. Those who do not have this experience may observe the staff at, for example, an airline check-in or a local bank branch office sitting at their desks, pressing keys on a typewriter like a keyboard and reading information presented on a television type screen. In such a situation the check-in clerk or the branch cashier is using the computer to obtain information (e.g. to find out if a seat is booked) or to amend information (e.g. to change a customer’s name and address).

The word computer conjures up different images and thoughts in people’s mind depending upon their experiences. Some view computers as powerful, intelligent machines that can maintain a ‘big brother’ watch over everyone. Others are staggered and fascinated by the marvels achieved by the space programs of the superpowers, where computers play an important part.

Numerous factories use computers to control machines that make products. A computer turns the machines on and off and adjusts their operations when necessary. Without computers, it would be impossible for engineers to perform the enormous number of calculations needed to solve many advanced technological problems. Computers help in the building of spacecraft, and they assist flight engineers in launching, controlling and tracking the vehicles. Computers also are used to develop equipment for exploring the moon and planets. They enable architectural and civil engineers to design complicated bridges and other structures with relative ease.

Computers have been of tremendous help to researchers in the biological, physical and social sciences. Chemists and physicists rely on computers to control and check sensitive laboratory instruments and to analyze experimental data. Astronomers use computers to guide telescopes and to process photographic images of planets and other objects in space.

Computers can be used to compose music, write poems and produce drawings and paintings. A work generated by a computer may resemble that a certain artist in birth style and form, or it may appear abstract or random. Computers are also used in the study of the fine arts, particularly, literature. They have also been programmed to help scholars identify paintings and sculptures from ancient civilizations.

But computers do not have intelligence in the way humans do. They cannot think for themselves. What they are good at is carrying out arithmetical operations and making logical decisions at phenomenally fast speed. But they only do what humans program gives them to do.

Apart from the speed at which computers execute instruction, two developments in particular have contributed to the growth in the use of computers – efficient storage of large amounts of data and diminishing cost. Today, computers can store huge amount of information on magnetic media and any item of this information can be obtained in a few milliseconds and displayed or printed for the user.

III. Translate these into your own language:

1. some experience of conversing                         8. advanced technological problem

2. view data facility                                         9. to guide telescopes

3. to obtain information                                 10. ancient civilization

4. powerful, intelligent machine                         11. arithmetical operations

5. to be straggered and fascinated                         12. logical decisions

6. to adjust operations                                 13. to execute instructions

7. enormous number of calculations                         14. efficient storage

IV. Translate these into English:

1. использовать терминал главной компании

2. нажимать кнопки на клавиатуре

3. получить информацию

4. различные образы

5. компьютер включает и выключает машины

6. разработать оборудование для исследования Луны и других планет

7. чувствительное оборудование

8. анализировать экспериментальные данные

9. могут быть использованы для сочинения музыки

10. работа, управляемая компьютером

11. помочь ученым определить

12. не могут думать сами

13. хорошо справляться с выполнением

14. вносить вклад

V. Give the situation from the text in which the following words and expressions are used:

1. people have some experience                         6. to process photographic images of

2. different images                                         7. to resemble

3. it would be impossible                                 8. intelligence

4. spacecraft                                                 9. fast speed

5. enable to design                                         10. magnetic media

VI. Fill in the gaps necessary prepositions:

1. People may use a terminal ….. the main company ….. work.

2. A clerk can press keys ….. a typewriter.

3. The word computer conjures ….. a different images.

4. A computer turns the machine ….. and ….. .

5. Computers help ….. building of spacecraft.

6. They are used to develop equipment ….. exploring the moon and planets.

7. Chemists and physicists rely ….. computers to control sensitive instruments.

8. Computers don’t have intelligence ….. the way humans do.

9. Computers are good ….. arithmetical operations.

10. Computers can store huge amounts of information ….. magnetic media.

VII. Ask questions to which the following statements might be the answers:

1. People may use a terminal from the main company at work.

2. In such a situation the check-in clerk is using the computer to obtain information.

3. The word computer conjures up different images and thoughts in people’s mind.

4. Numerous factories use computers to control machines that make products.

5. A computer turns the machine on and off and adjust their operations.

6. Computers help in the building of spacecraft and assist flight engineers in launching.

7. Chemist and physicists rely on computers.

8. A work generated by a computer may resemble that a certain artist in a birth style and form.

9. Computers do only what humans program them to do.

10. Computers obtain huge amounts of information in a few milliseconds.

VIII. Agree or disagree with the following statements:

1. Only a few people have or will have had some experience of «conversing» with computers.

2. The word computer conjures up the same images and thoughts in computer’s brain depending upon the structure of the computer.

3. Without computers it would be impossible for engineers to perform the enormous number of calculations.

4. Architectors and civil engineers can’t design complicated bridges and other structures with the help of computers.

5. Computers haven’t been of tremendous help to researchers in the biological, physical and social sciences.

6. Poets and physicists rely on computers to control and check sensitive laboratory equipments.

7. Computers can be used to compose music, write poems and produce drawings and paintings.

8. Computers have intelligence in the way humans do.

9. Today, computers are very big, slow and can store little information on magnetic media.

IX. Write the plan of the text to retell it in English.

X. Points for discussion: advantages and disadvantages of computers.

UNIT 4

I. Look up in the dictionary how to pronounce the following words. Write them down in the dictionary.

circular                         octal                         contiguous                         comparing

to assume                         a value                 cell                                 selecting

decimal                         a location                 adequate                         sorting

to handle                         uniquely                 precise                         matching

II. Read the text and do the exercises that follow it:

Information, machine words, instructions, addresses

and reasonable operations

Information is a set of marks or sings that have meaning. These consist of letters or numbers, digits or characters, typewriter signs, other kinds of sing and so on. So, information is the end product of people obtained from computer systems. The process of using computer is circular beginning and ending with people.

When we see number 562 we normally assume that it represents five hundred and sixty-two. This is because we are conditioned to the decimal system where the base is 10. Nowadays school children are taught to handle numbers with different bases such as octal (8) and binary (2). With the number 562 we understand this to mean that we have 5 hundreds, 6 tens and 2 units (5 · 100 + 6 · 10 + 2 · 1) so each digit has a meaning represented by its value and its position.

Computers work by using the binary system where the base is 2. This means that each position can have a value of 0 or 1. So any information may be represented by the binary system including these two digits. Because at their most basic level, computers only understand the language of electricity: positive (or on or 1) and negative (or off or 0). Instead of going up in powers of ten (10,10 x 10,10 x 10 x 10) the positions go up in powers of 2 (2,2 x 2,2 x 2 x 2,2 x 2 x 2, etc.)

Thus the binary number 1001 can be represented as:

2 x 2 x 2s position                 2 x 2s position                 2s position                 units position

             1                                            0                                         0                                    1

Thus number can be converted to decimal

2 x 2 x 2 x 1 = 8 x 1 = 8

2 x 2 x 0 = 4 x 0 = 0

2 x 0 = 0

1 = 1

9

So 1001 in binary has the same value as 9 in decimal.

The memory of a computer consists of a large number of locations, each of which in uniquely addressable. In most modern computers these locations are called bytes. They consists of eight positions and each position can be set to 0 or 1. These positions are bits. A bit is the smallest part of information and it is the basic unit of data recognized by the computer. Bits are grouped in units that are called bytes. A byte consists of eight bits.

A group of contiguous bytes that can be manipulated together is called a word. A word may be 2 bytes (16 bits) or 4 bytes (32 bits) or other combinations. 16 bits can hold number up to 65,535. Word length is the term used to describe a word’s size in numbers of bits.

The memory of the computer can hold instructions that the control unit acts upon, and it can store binary numbers on which arithmetical operations can be carried out. A large number of business operations, and computer-based training in particular, do very little with numbers. They are mostly concerned with accepting as input, manipulating and presenting as output, large quantities of character information-names and addresses.

An address is the name of particular memory location or cell. Each memory location (word or byte) has it own unique address or number just a post office box. If one character is stored in a byte, there are 256 possible characters that the different bit patterns can represent. That is quite adequate for all alphabetic characters in upper and lower case, the number 0 to 9 and the various punctuation and special characters that are found on a typewriter keyboard. One widely used Coding convention is ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange), pronounced as the two words «ass» and «key».

This is a part of the ASCII Code

Сharacter                 %         E+         ‘         ( )         *         +         ,         —         .         /

ASCII Code                37         38         39         40         42         43         44         45         46         47

Сharacter                 0         1         2         3         4         5         6         7         8         9

ASCII Code                48         49         50         51         52         53         54         55         56         57

Character                 A         B         C         D         E         F         G         H         I         J         

ASCII Code                 65         66         67         68         69         70         71         72         73         74

Thus, if we wanted to hold FRANKLIN in part of the correct answer it could be held somewhere in memory (say location 5390 onwards) as the following ASCII codes:

Letter                         F         R         A         N         K         L         I         N

Code in memory        70         82         65         78         75         76         73        78

Memory location        5390         5391         5392         5393         5394         5395         5396         5397

Computer people generally refer to 1000 (1024 to be precise) byte as a kilobyte (kb) and a million bytes as a megabyte (mb). So, if somebody has a microcomputer with 640 k memory locations than means there are 640,000 locations in the machine.

Reasonable operations are mathematical and logical. Mathematical operations include arithmetical and algebraic operations. Arithmetical operations are addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, taking a square root, etc.; and algebraic operations are called raising to a power as well as differentiating and integrating.

Logical operations include comparing, selecting, sorting, matching, etc.

III. Translate these into your own language:

1. a set of marks and signs                                 7. bytes

2. circular beginning and ending with people         8. bits are grouped

3. we are conditioned to the decimal system         9. can be manipulated together

4. base                                                 10. to hold instructions

5. including these two digits                                 11. memory location

6. the positions go up in powers of 2                 12. to include

IV. Translate these into English:

1. множество знаков                                 7. десятичное число

2. число представляет                                 8. запоминать, хранить в памяти

3. учат работать с числами                                 9. выполнять

4. у каждого есть свое значение                         10. точно

5. двоичная система исчисления                         11. разумные операции

6. основной уровень

V. Fill in the necessary words:

1. ….. is a set of marks or signs.

2. We are conditioned to the ….. ….. .

3. Computers work by using the ….. ….. where the ….. is 2.

4. The ….. of a computer consists of a large number of locations.

5. A ….. is the smallest part of information.

6. A byte consists of 8 ….. .

7. The memory of the computer can ….. instructions.

8. Computer people generally ….. ….. 1 000 bytes as a kilobyte.

VI. Fill in the prepositions:

1. Nowadays school children are taught to handle numbers ….. different bases.

2. ….. their most basic level, computers only understand the language of electricity.

3. Instead of going ….. in powers of ten, the positions go ….. ….. powers of 2.

4. Each position can be set ….. 0 or 1.

5. Bits are grouped ….. units.

6. The memory can store binary numbers ….. which arithmetical operations can be carried ….. .

VII. Give the correct definitions of the following terms:

a) information                 c) bit                         e) word                 g) reasonable operation

b) binary system                 d) byte                 f) address

VIII. Answer the following questions:

1. What is information?

2. Do computers work by using binary or decimal system?

3. What is the base of the binary system?

4. How can any information be represented?

5. What is the ASC II Code?

IX. Write you last name in letters and codes in memory and in memory locations, use the ASC II Code.

X. Retell the text.

UNIT 5

I. Look up in the dictionary how to pronounce the following words. Write them down in the dictionary.

regardless                                 to monitor                                 to fit

to enter                                 a hardware                                 representative

a routing                                 peripheral                                 available

to direct                                 a variety                                 to purchase

a property                                 an occurrence                                 a competitor

to modify                                to afford                                incredibly

solely                                         to confine                                 to convince

II. Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.

Kinds of Computers

All computer systems, regardless of their size, have the same four hardware components:

1. A processor or CPU, where the data input is processed according to the program.

2. Input/output devices or peripherals such as the keyboard and printer, which receive data from people and enter it into the computer for processing, then send it back to people so it can be used.

3. Storage components such as disk drives or tape drives keep data for later use.

4. Routing and control components, which direct the instructions and/or data from one component to the next making sure each does its task properly.

Computers are generally classified as general-purpose or special purpose machine. A general-purpose computer is one used for a variety of tasks without the need to modify or change it as the tasks change. A common example is a computer used in business that runs many different application.

A special-purpose computer is designed and used solely for one application. The machine may need to be redesigned and certainly reprogrammed, if, it is to perform another task. Special-purpose computers can be used in a factory to monitor a manufacturing process; in research to monitor seismological, meteorological and other natural occurrences; and in the office.

So all computers have in common, but certain computers differ from one another. These differences often have to do with the way a particular computer is used. That is why we can say there are different types of computers that are suited for different kinds of work or problem solving.

Personal computer is a computer system that fits on a desktop, that an individual can afford to buy for personal use, and that is intended for a single use.

Personal computers include desktops, laptops and workstation. Each type of a personal computer shares many characteristics in common with its counterparts, but people use them in different ways.

The Desktop Personal computer is a computer that:

-fits on a desktop

-is designed for a single user

-is affordable for an individual to buy for personal use.

Desktop personal computers are used for education, running a small business, or in large corporation, to help office workers be more productive. There are some common desktop personal computers:

-The IBM PC and PC-compatible

-The Compaq Deskpro 386

-The IBM PS/2

-The Apple Macintosh

The Laptop Personal Computer is a computer that people can take with them, laptop is used by a single individual but can be used in many different places, it is not confined by its size or weight to a desktop. It has the same components as a desktop machine but in most cases the monitor is built in. The printer is usually separate.

Laptops fall into the same general categories as desktop personal computers:

-PC-compatibles

-ABM PC/2

-Apple Macintosh portable

Managers and employees who travel frequently use laptops to keep in touch with their office. Sales representatives keep company information on their laptops to show prospective clients, and send electronic orders into the company computers. Writers use laptops so they can work on their manuscript no matter where they are.

There are many portables available today, some weigh as much as 15 pounds, while others weigh as little as 3 pounds. There are laptops so small they fit in the palm of your hand. There are laptops that fit in a briefcase, called notebook computers.

The Workstation is a computer that fits on a desktop, but is more powerful than a desktop computer. The workstation has a more powerful microprocessor, is able to service more than one user, has an easy to use interface and is capable of multitasking. While these three characteristics used to be unique to workstation, they are being adapted to the more powerful 386 and 486 personal computers over time.

Workstations are designed for three major tasks: scientific and engineering, office automation and education.

The Minicomputer, or mini, is a versatile special or general-purpose computer designed so that many people can use it at the same time. Minis operate in ordinary indoor environments; some require air conditioning while others do not. Minis also can operate in less hospitable places such as on ships and planes.

Like all computers, the minicomputer is designed as a system. CPUs, terminals, printers and storage devices can be purchased separately. Mini systems are more mobile, easier to set up and install. A minicomputer system combined with specialized equipment and peripherals is designed to perform a specific task. A popular minicomputer is the Digital VAX Computer.

Mainframe is the largest general-purpose computer. It is designed to be used by hundreds even thousands of people. A mainframe uses the same basic building blocks of a computer system: the CPU, various I/O devices and external memory.

Most mainframe computers are general-purpose machines. In 1964 introduced the System/360 mainframe computer. It became the most popular mainframe in the computer history.

A Supercomputer is a very fast special-purpose computer designed to perform highly sophisticated or complex scientific calculations. For example calculating a prime number (one that is divisible only by 1 and itself),or the distance between planets. But computers permit turning many other problems into numbers, such as molecular modeling, geographic modeling and image processing.

Cray is a leading supercomputer maker, with IBM and Fujistsy as major competitors.

A Cray X-MP Supercomputer was used to help to make a movie called ‘The last starfighter’ Computer animation isn’t new but using the X-MP added a whole new dimension of sophistication. Its most remarkable accomplishment was creating the entire bridge of the alien’s starship, complete with animated aliens walking around next to real actors. Because the Cray could process the image in incredibly fine detail, the average viewer would think it looked absolutely real. The X-MP allowed animators to make illusion as convincing as reality itself.

It is interesting to know that …

PCs and PC-compatibles are used in organization of all sizes. PCs are an office time saver, allowing the staff to write press releases and legislative testimony, performs accounting tasks, and prepares mailing lists more quickly. It is also paves the way for organization to complete more effectively with other public interest groups. Today, over 80 percent of Public Citizen’s employees use PC-compatibles. Word processing has replaced typewriters, hard disk drive storage has reduced the amount of paper kept in filing cabinets, and laser printing has cut their outside printing costs dramatically.

Banks have traditionally used the latest computer technology to automate their own operations, but First Banks for Business found a way to use personal computers to improve customer service. In the past, when a customer wanted to cash a check, the signature card had to be compared to verify identity. That meant looking through a card file or containing central book-keeping, which could take as long as 30 minutes.

Now Banks for Business installed PC-2s with special graphics capabilities and software called Signet to perform the task. When the letters retrieve customer account information from the computer, they see the authorized signatures appear right on the screen. The system also tells them what other signatories are permitted on the account or if two signatures are required to cash a check. The banks say the main reason customers change banks is due to bad service. Using the powerful PS-2s signet, they can cash a customer’s cheek in a minute or less.

People use laptops for many of the same tasks that they use desktops and more.

Astrophysicists use Sun Microsystems workstations for their engineering work. They routinely sketch graphs and diagrams on the screen using computer-aided drafting software, as well as sophisticated calculation software to test mathematical equations. They also exchange ideas and information with each other in electronic messages. One project they have worked on in cooperation with NASA is the Advanced X-Ray Astrophysic Facility. It is an observatory in space that will measure cosmic Xrays, which are invisible an earth. The astrophysicists hope that the information provided will help them understand better how the universe was formed and what is eventual fate will be.

The Sun workstation performed an additionally important task: helping gather visual and textual information into a comprehensive report for NASA to explain how an X-ray telescope would function abroad the observatory. Using electronic publishing software, they combined graphics screens, mathematical equations, and textual explanations into a document that took just six hours to prepare. Previously, it would have taken two days.

III. Fill in the necessary words:

1. ….. are generally classified as general – or special-purpose machine.

2. A special-purpose computer is designed and used ….. for one application.

3. Personal computer ….. on a desktop.

4. Each type of a personal computer ….. many characteristics in common with their counterparts.

5. There are many portables ….. today.

6. CPUs, terminals, printers and storage devices can be ….. separately.

IV. Agree or disagree with the following statements:

1. All computer systems have the same five hardware components.

2. Input/output devices receive data, enter it into the computer for processing, then send it back to people so it can be used.

3. Storage components don’t keep data for later use.

4. Computers are general-purpose machines.

5. The machine may need to be redesigned and certainly reprogrammed.

6. We can’t say, that there are different types of computers.

V. Ask questions to which the following statements might be the answer:

1. Desktop personal computers are used for education, running a small business or in large corporation to help office workers be more productive.

2. Laptops fall into the same general categories as desktop personal computers.

3. The workstation is a computer that fits on a desktop.

4. Workstations are designed for three major tasks.

5. A minicomputer system combined with specialized equipment and peripherals is designed to perform a specific task.

6. A mainframe uses the same basic building blocks of a computer system: the CPU, I/O devices and external memory.

VI. Answer the following questions:

1. What have all computers in common?

2. How can we classify computers?

3. What are general /special-purpose computers used for?

4. What are three primary types of personal computers?

5. What is the primary difference between personal computer and workstation?

6. What are major tasks of a workstation?

7. What is minicomputer used for?

8. What does the supercomputer differ from the general-purpose mainframe computer?

9. What are two main characteristics of the supercomputer?

VII. Find the synonyms to the following words:

a component, a device, to receive, to enter, to keep, to handle,

to run, to confine, to fit, terminals, calculation

VIII. Find the antonyms to the following words:

to pay attention to, unprocessed, undirect, monotony, designed

programmed, similar, similarity, unlimited, unite, rare, single, task

together, slow, odd, number, simplicity, to destroy

IX. Match the words of the first column with those of the second one:

1. regardless                         1. убеждать

2. to enter                         2. проверять

3. a routing                         3. покупать

4. to direct                         4. ограничиваться

5. to modify                         5. входить

6. to purchase                         6. видоизменять

7. to convince                         7. программа

8. solely                         8. не обращая внимание

9. to monitor                         9. ладонь

10. occurrence                 10. представлять/ быть в состоянии

11. to afford                         11. исключительно

12. to confine                         12. управлять

13. a palm                         13. случай

X. Give the definitions to the following terms:

1. computer

2. supercomputer

3. special-purpose computer

4. general-purpose computer

5. personal computer

6. minicomputer

7. mainframe

UNIT 6

I. Look up the words in the dictionary. Write them down.

issuing commands                         to insert                         a double click

a desktop                                 non-impact                         to utilize

to install                                 a seal                                 a beam

a strip                                         a track                                a pin

a wedge                                 a slot                                 a dot

to slide                                 to delete                        an auxiliary storage

to attach                                 a keypad                         density

II. Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.

Input and Output Devices

A peripheral is a device performs input, output or storage functions and is connected to CPU. In order for the computer to be of use to us, there must be some types of mechanism for entering data into the computer for processing. Devices which allow the task of data entry to be performed are called input devices.

Input we use to perform the two basic computational tasks: data entry and issuing commands. The most widely used input device is the keyboard, which was adapted from the typewriter. The keyboard is the standard mean for the user to input data into the computer. Unfortunately, it is not a very satisfactory means of input because most people have little or no knowledge of the layout of a typewriter keyboard.

The keyboard itself doesn’t contain any mechanism for creating printed pages. Each time a key on the keyboard is pressed, an electronic signal is sent to the system unit indicating which key was pressed. The system unit and the software interpret this signal and take the appropriate action.

Some keys are added to terminal keyboards to fulfill special functions. The most important of these is the RETURN or ENTRY key. This is pressed by the user to indicate to the computer, by the sending of a special code, that the typed line is complete and that the computer can now analyze it. Other keys that may be present include a delete key which when pressed deletes the character just typed, special function keys that can be used for special purpose by different programs and one marked CONTROL or CTRL which also has a particular function when used with other keys. Some keyboards may also have a numeric keypad to the right of the typewriter keyboard. This may be of help when entering numeric data.

There are three keyboard layouts. The first is the standard IBM-PC keyboard. The central portion of the keyboard consists of the alphanumeric keys, that there are ten function keys (labeled F1 – F10) on the top side of the keyboard, and there is a numeric keypad, much like that found on a calculator, on the right side of the keyboard.

The function keys are keys which send special signals to the system unit. The effect of pressing a given function key will depend on the software which is currently in use.

The numeric keypad is useful when numeric data must be entered into the computer. The numeric keypad serves two roles. The 1st role is the digits, decimal points and addition and subtraction signs are active. The 2nd role is the key of the keypad are used to control the small blinking box or line on the screen which shows the user where the next typed character will be displayed. This line is known as the cursor. The cursor control keys are the arrows (left, right, up and down), PgUp, PgDn, Insert and Delete. But there are several types of pointing device that are used to move the cursor and usually work in conjunction with the keyboard. The most common pointing device is the mouse, so called because it slides over the desktop and has a wire or ‘tail’ attached to the computer.

So a mouse is a hand-held device with a small rotating ball embedded in the bottom. The mouse is an opto-mechanical input device. It has three or two buttons which control the cursor movement across the screen. Each software program uses those buttons differently. The Mouse’s primary functions are to help users to draw, point and select images on the computer display by moving the mouse across the screen. In general software programs require to press one or more buttons, sometimes keeping them depressed or double-click them to issue changed in commands and to draw or to erase images.

The Mouse slopes gently towards the front, so fingers rest comfortably on the three (or two) buttons which respond easily, and click when pressed. Especially this feature is helpful when user must «double-click» the buttons to activate commands. Hardware installation is required to utilize the mouse.

Another pointing device is a trackball, which performs like a stationary upside-down mouse. A joystick is another pointing device, one that is usually associated with playing computer games. A light-pen is used to draw, write or issue commands when it touches the specially designed monitor or screen. It is a pen-shaped device connected by a cable to the terminal and a thin beam of light shines from the end. When the pen is pressed on the screen, the co-ordinates of the point are fed to the computer.

A scanner permits entering text into a computer. There are flat-bed scanners and hand-held scanners.

Perhaps the easiest way to enter data into a computer is by speaking, called Voice Recognition. Source data input refers to data fed directly into the computer without human intervention.

If the result of the processing is to be any use to us, the system unit must somehow convey these results to us. Devices which are used for this purpose are called output devices. Today, most outputs are visual in nature, produced by two devices: a video display screen monitor or a printer. Most computer outputs come in two forms: text and graphics. A monitor may be referred to as a cathode Ray Tube (CRT) – a vacuum tube such as the picture tube on a television set – that is used to generate the display on most monitors. Portable computers usually rely on other, less bulky, technologies, such as liquid crystal diode (LCD) or gas plasma displays. Each monitor has either a color or a monochrome display and has varying degrees of picture sharpness. The sharpness or resolution of a video display is often stated in term of the number individual dots which can be displayed on the screen. These individual dots are called pixels (picture elements). The typical display will allow 25 rows and 80 columns of textual material.

Printers are output devices which produce hardcopy. Printers come in all kinds of shapes and sizes, with varying capabilities and mechanisms for printing. The important thing is the user must be sure that the printer is appropriate to the type of output that he wishes to produce. There are three main types of printers: a dot-matrix printer, a letter quality printer and a laser printer.

A dot-matrix printer produced output by having small pins strike a ribbon, producing a pattern of dots on the paper. A letter quality printer uses the same technology as a typewriter, with type holding the reserved images of fully formed characters striking the ribbon. Dot matrix printers can also produce both characters and graphics by building a pattern of dots.

A laser printer provides high-quality non-impact printing and offers the highest quality texts and graphics printing for the desktop. A laser printer is like a dot-matrix printer is produced by generating patterns of dots; this is done electronically, so that the pattern can be extremely fine, making the individual dots indistinguishable to the naked eye.

A letter quality printer is unable to produce both characters and graphics by building a pattern of dots, because a dot pattern is not used to produce characters. A letter quality printer allows the production of documents with a high quality of printing at a relatively low cost.

There are another types of printers. Inkjet printers transfer characters and images to paper by spraying a fine jet of ink. Like lasers, they are able to print many different types of fonts and graphics.

Other printers include plotters, that use colored pens for scientific and engineering drawing and thermal printers that use heat to form a nonimpact image on paper.

Computer output can also be sent to another machine, device or computer. Computer output task involved micrographics. Micrographics is a way to store output on a film. Output is sent to a special machine that reduces its size and records it 10 to 20 times faster than printing.

There are two methods of storing and accessing instructions or data in auxiliary storage. One is direct access and the other is sequential access.

Direct access, called random access, means the data is stored in a particular memory location. Direct access storage devices or DASD are magnetic disk drives use for auxiliary storage. There are two types of DASD: floppy disks and hard disks. Floppy disks are divided into two sizes of portable magnetic disks, which are commonly in use. The first of these is the 5.25 floppy disk. The second of these is the 3.5 floppy disk. Both these disks are called diskettes, because the disk material itself is a strong, flexible (floppy) plastic. The 5.25 disk has a heavy, but flexible, plastic envelope that protects the actual disk. The 3.5 disk has a rigid plastic casing to protect the disk.

The capacity of disks is determined by the density with which the metallic particles are placed on the disk; so the capacity of a disk is expressed in terms of this density. A 5.25 double density disk can hold approximately 360K bytes, a 5.25 high density disk can hold 1.2 megabytes. A 3.5 double density disk can hold 720K bytes, a 3.5 high density disk can hold 1.44 megabytes.

Hard disks operate in a similar fashion to floppy disks, but the disk itself is made from a rigid material – often aluminum. In most personal computers the hard disk and the hard disk drive are single unit that is permanently installed. The hard disk is a sealed unit manufactured to fine tolerance, it can operate at higher speed and store more data and information than floppy disk systems. A common size for a hard disk is 40 megabytes, which can hold as much data as over double density 5.25 floppies.

On disk type storage, data is magnetically laid out in tracks and sectors. Tracks are concentric circles on which data is recorded. Sectors are pie-shaped wedges that compartmentalize the data into the addresses for the head to locate. Multiple head disks drives organize tracks into cylinders, a vertical stack of tracks that make it easier for the head to locate the data.

III. Translate these into your own language:

1. input, output or storage functions                         10. a stationary upside-down mouse

2. to be of use to us                                         11. without human intervention

3. basic computational tasks                                 12. less bulky

4. the standard mean                                         13. naked eye

5. interpret the signal                                         14. spraying a fine jet of ink

6. numeric keypad                                         15. fonts and graphics

7. central portion                                         16. direct and sequential access

8. small blinking box                                         17. flexible, plastic envelope

9. small rotating ball embedded in the bottom

IV. Translate these into English:

1. вводное устройство                                 10. курсор

2. выводное устройство                                 11. легко передвигается по столу

3. клавиатура                                         12. необходимо нажать 1 или 2 кнопки

4. результативные команды                         13. двойной щелчок

5. для создания напечатанных образов                 14. удалить

6. выполнять специальные функции                 15. соединенный с помощью кабеля

7. слои                                                 16. Жидкий кристаллический диод

8. справа                                                 17. четкость изображения

9. следующий напечатанный символ

V. Fill in the gaps necessary words:

1. A peripheral is a ….. that performs input/ output or ….. functions.

2. There must be some type of mechanism for ….. data into the computer for ….. .

3. Input is used to perform two basic computational tasks ….. and ….. .

4. There are three keyboard ….. .

5. The numeric ….. is useful when numeric data must be ….. into the computer.

6. The mouse is a ….. unit with a small rotating ball.

7. A user must ….. the buttons to activate the command.

8. The system unit must ….. the results to us.

9. Printers are ….. devices which produce ….. .

10. ….. or ….. are magnetic disk drives use for auxiliary storage.

11. The ….. of disks is ….. by the density.

12. The ….. is a sealed unit, which is installed by the manufacturer.

VI. Fill in the prepositions:

1. A keyboard was adapted ….. the typewriter.

2. Special function keys can be used ….. special purpose ….. different programs.

3. There are 10 function keys ….. the top side of the keyboard.

4. Numeric data must be entered ….. the computer.

5. Joystick is usually associated ….. playing computer games.

6. A scanner permits entering text ….. a computer.

7. Vacuum tube is used to generate the display ….. most monitors.

8. Micrographics is a way to store output ….. film.

9. Floppy disks are divided ….. two sizes of portable magnetic disks.

10. The capacity of disks is determined by the density ….. which the metal particles are placed ….. the disk.

VII. Find the synonyms to the following words:

a unit, a memory, a device, to permit, to correspond (to)

input/ output, to erase, a part, to direct, to slip, to insert

to transfer, to diverse, to short, to use

VIII. Find the antonyms to the following words:

to forbid, narrow, a main unit, hardly, to forget, dull

to separate, to enter commands, without results, inappropriate

to release, top, rouge, to store, a thick beam, beginning

lower speed, hard disk, inconstant, soft copy, impact

printing, low quality, expensive, to pollute

IX. Give the definitions to the following terms:

1. input device                                 7. a joystick

2. output device                                 8. voice recognition

3. a keyboard                                         9. printer

4. a mouse                                         10. hard-disk

5. a scanner                                         11. floppy disk

6. trackball

X. Which sentences don’t correspond to the sense of the text:

1. Input we use to perform the two basic computational tasks: data entry and issuing commands.

2. There are a lot of kinds of keyboards. IBM manufactures a keyboard which has a split-keypad, gently sloping keyboard that fits more closely to natural position of your hands and wrists.

3. The most common pointing device is the mouse. The mouse’s primary functions are to help users to draw, point and select images on the computer display.

4. There are a lot of output devices. The most convenient is when scanner, printer and fax are united together in one.

5. There are several types of auxiliary storage. Floppy disks are divided into two sizes: 5.25 floppy disk and 3.5 floppy disk.

XI. Answer the following questions:

1. What is the peripheral?

2. What can input units perform? Name the input units. Give them short characteristics.

3. What can the output units perform? Name them and give them short characteristics.

4. How many methods of storing and accessing instructions or data are in the auxiliary storage?

5. How many types of disks do you know? Give the features to the floppy disks, to the hard-disks.

XII. Write the plan for retelling.

XIII. Retell the text.

UNIT 7

I. Look up in the dictionary how to pronounce the following words. Write them down in the dictionary.

interchangeably                 a portion                a decoder                 a bistable device

to retrieve                         a flow                         timing marks                 an adder

a reference                         a counter                 a bank

II. Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.

The Central Processing Unit and Arithmetical Logical Unit (CPU and ALU)

It is common practice in computer science for the words ‘computer’ and ‘processor’ to be used interchangeably. More precisely, ‘computer’ refers to the central processing unit (CPU) together with an internal memory. The internal memory, control and processing components make up the heart of the computer system. Manufactures design the CPU to control and carry out basic instructions for their particular computer.

In digital computers the CPU can be divided into two functional units called the control unit (CU) and the arithmetical-logical unit (ALU). These two units are made up of electronic circuits with millions of switches that can be one of two states, either on or off.

The function of the control unit within the central processor is to transmit coordinating control signals and commands. The control unit is that portion of the computer that directs the sequence or step-by-step operation of the system, selects instructions and data from memory, interprets the program instructions, and controls the flow between main storage and the arithmetical-logical unit.

A control unit has the following components:

a) a counter that selects the instructions, one at a time, from the memory;

b) a register that temporarily holds the instruction read from memory while it is being executed;

c) a decoder that takes the called instruction and breaks it down into individual commands necessary to carry it out;

d) a clock, which while not a clock in the sense of a time-keeping device, does produce marks at regular intervals.

This timing marks are electronic and very rapid.

The arithmetical-logical unit (ALU) is that portion of the computer in which the arithmetical operations, namely, addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiation, called for in the instructions are performed.

Programs and the data on which the control unit and the ALU operate, must be in internal memory in order to be processed. Thus, if located on secondary memory devices such as disks or tapes, programs and data are first loaded into internal memory.

The primary components of the ALU are banks of bistable devices, which are called register. Their purpose is to hold the numbers involved in the calculation and hold the result temporarily unit they can be transferred to memory.

At the core of the arithmetical-logical unit is a very high-speed binary adder, which is used to carry out at last the four basic arithmetical functions (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division).

Typical modern computers can perform as many as one hundred thousand additions of pairs of thirty-two binary numbers within a second.

The logical unit consists of electronic circuitry, which compares information and makes decisions based upon the result of the comparison. The decisions that can be made are whether a number is greater than, equal to, or less than another number.

III. Find English equivalents in the text:

1. более точно

2. внутренняя память

3. управлять и обрабатывать

4. сердце компьютерной системы

5. выполнять основные инструкции

6. миллионы переключателей

7. передавать контрольные сигналы

8. часть компьютера

9. счетчик, который выбирает инструкции

10. временно удерживать

11. переделывать (переводить) инструкции в индивидуальные команды

12. устройство, которое показывает время

13. возведение в степень

14. загружать

15. сравнивание

IV. Give Russian equivalents to the following words and expressions:

1. common practice

2. to be used

3. manufactures design the CPU

4. can be divided into two functional units

5. are made up of electronic circuits

6. to transmit coordinating control signals

7. the sequence or step-by-step operation

8. to interpret the program instructions

9. the flow between main storage and the ALU

10. one at a time

11. is being executed

12. rapid

13. in order to be processed

14. secondary memory device

15. involved

16. within a second

V. Give the situations from the text in which the following words and expressions are used:

1. the words computer and processor                 6. located

2. the internal memory                                 7. first loaded

3. the function of control unit                         8. primary components

4. components                                         9. high-speed binary adder

5. the arithmetical-logical unit                         10. electronic circuitry

VI. Fill in the blanks necessary words and prepositions:

1. More precisely, ‘computer’ refers ….. the central processing unit.

2. The CPU can also ….. information from memory and can ….. the result of manipulations back into ….. unit ….. later reference.

3. The control unit is that portion of the computer that ….. the sequence operations of the system, selects ….. and data ….. memory and controls the flow ….. main storage and the ALU.

4. Programs and the data on which the control unit and the ALU operate, must be in ….. to be processed.

5. At the core of the arithmetical-logical unit is a very high-speed.

6. Modern computers can ….. more than one hundred thousand additions ….. thirty-two bits within a second.

7. It is common practice in computer science ….. the words ‘computer’ and ‘processor’ to be used.

VII. Find in the text synonyms to the following words:

to define, to put in, to order, among, choice

to be situated, to fulfill, main, couple, part

VIII. Find in the text antonyms to the following words:

external ,to join, secondary, particular, unchangeable, to take

to give, permanently, unnecessary, irregular, more, original

IX. Answer the following questions:

1. Where does the word ‘computer’ refer to?

2. How can the CPU in digital computers be divided?

3. What is the function of the control unit?

4. What components has a control unit?

5. What is the arithmetical-logical unit?

6. Where are programs and data first loaded?

7. What are the primary components of the ALU?

8. What can modern computers perform?

X. Retell the text in English.

UNIT 8

I. Look up in the dictionary how to pronounce the following words. Write them down in the dictionary.

to run                                 RAM (random access memory)                         to assist

to direct                         Volatile memory                                         a repository

to involve                         ROM (read only memory)                                 disk drive

firmware

II. Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.

Computer Memory

Software gives instructions that tell computers what to do. There are two kinds of software. The first is System Software and includes programs that run the computer system or that aid programmers in performing their work. The second kind of software is Application Software, which directs the computer to perform specific tasks that often involve the user.

Memory is the general term used to describe a computer system’s storage facilities. Memory’s job is to store the instruction or programs and data in the computer. Memory can be divided into two major categories: 1. main memory, 2 auxiliary storage. Main memory is also called main storage, internal storage or primary storage and is a part of the CPU. Main memory is usually on chips or a circuit board with the other two components of the CPU. RAM for Random Access Memory, is the storage area directly controlled by the computer’s CPU. Main Memory assists the control unit and the ALU by serving as a repository for the program being executed and for data as it passes through. RAM or Volatile memory so called because its contents are replaced when new instructions and data are added, or when electrical power to the computer is shut off. RAM is read-write memory, in that it can receive or read data and instructions from other sources such as auxiliary storage.

Another type of memory is ROM or Read Only Memory. ROM holds instructions that can be read by the computer but no written over. ROM is sometimes called firmware because it holds instructions from the firm or manufacturer.

Auxiliary storage, also called auxiliary memory or secondary storage, is memory that supplements main storage. This type of memory is long-term, Nonvolatile Memory. Nonvolatile means that computer is turned off or on.

III. Fill in the blanks necessary words:

1. ….. gives instructions that tell computers what to do.

2. ….. directs the computer to perform specific tasks that often involve the user.

3. Memory’s job is to store ….. .

4. ….. can be divided into two main categories.

5. Main memory is usually on ….. .

6. ….. is read-write memory.

7. ….. holds instructions that can be read by the computer but no written over.

8. ….. is memory that supplements main storage.

9. ….. means that the computer is turned off or on.

IV. Fill in the prepositions:

1. Memory can store instructions, programs, data ….. the computer.

2. Main memory is usually ….. chips or a circuit board ….. the other two components of the CPU.

3. RAM ….. random access memory is the storage area controlled ….. the computer’s CPU.

4. Memory so called because its contents are replaced, when instructions are added or when electrical power is shut ….. .

5. ROM holds instructions that can be read, but no written ….. .

V. Find the synonyms to the following words:

a storage device, to perform, to handle, to process, a portion

to transmit, to store, a routing

VI. Find the antonyms to the following words:

to take away, to break down, secondary, external

old instructions, switch on, short-term

VII. Which sentences don’t correspond to the sense of the text?

1. CMOS is used in PCs to store information such as the amount of installed memory.

2. Software gives instructions that tell computers what to do.

3. CMOS also contains a wonderful clock with a built-in-alarm, which we don’t get to use.

4. The Software as most intangible products is not always capable of being readily evaluated.

5. Volatile memory is replaced when new instructions and data are added.

6. Firmware holds instructions from the firm or manufacturer.

7. CMOS memory is used on IBM compatible machines to store system information that needs to be preserved even when the computer is turned off.

VIII. Give the definition to the following terms:

1. software                                 5. RAM

2. memory                                6. ROM

3. main memory                         7. volatile memory

4. auxiliary memory                         8. nonvolatile memory

IX. Answer the questions:

1. Does software give instructions that tell computers what to do?

2. How many kinds of software do you know? What are they?

3. When do you use the term ‘memory’?

4. What is the job of memory?

5. Can you name two major categories of memory?

X. Retell the text.

UNIT 9

I. Look up in the dictionary how to pronounce the following words. Write them down in the dictionary.

accounting                                         to edit                                         a folder

drafting                                         to finance                                 schematic

spreadsheet                                         charts                                         via

to gain                                         to scatter                                 enhance

to create                                         a cabinet                                 brochures

II. Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.

Application Programs

An Application Program is a software program that performs a specific function, such as accounting, word processing or drafting. There are some categories of application program to choose from spreadsheet, Database Management, Computer Aided Design (CAD), Communications, Graphic presentations, desktop Publishing, Integrated Programs, Window and Windows – based Programs. Within each category, there are several software programs which have gained industry-wide acceptance.

Word processing: is the most common application for a personal computer. Most word processing software programs allow us to create, edit, and save documents, along with changing the position of the text in a document, inserting new information in the middle of the text, or removing words and sections no longer needed. With a typewriter, you would have to re-type the entire document after a few major changes. Given a computer, a document can be stored electronically and retrieved at any time for modification.

Examples of word processing programs include: – Word Perfect; –MS-Word; –Multimate; –Wordstar; –Displaywrite; –Word for Windows; –Word Perfect for Windows.

Accounting and spreadsheets: One of the primary functions of the first mainframe computers was to store and calculate volumes of financial data for banks and large businesses. Nowadays, a personal computer is capable of handing the accounting and finances of almost any small to medium-sized business. Many different programs are available for plotting financial trends and performing everyday bookkeeping functions. One of the most popular financial tools is called a spreadsheet. An electronic spreadsheet is a software program, which performs mathematical calculations and ‘want – if’ analysis. Besides replacing your pencil and calculator for solving financial and statistical problems, spreadsheets can display line graphics, bar chats, and scatter plot diagrams. Often accounting and spreadsheet programs are designed to work together, in efforts to provide the financial solution.

Examples of accounting programs include: ACCPAC Simply Accounting, ACCPAC plus, Business Vision Turbo, New Views Accounting, Great Plains, Dac Easy, Peach Tree, Abacus II.

Examples of spreadsheet programs include: Lotus 1-2-3, MS-Exel, Quatro Pro, Supercale.

Database Management. A database is a simply collection of related information. Some common examples are a phone book, an inventory list, a personal file. A Database Management Software program assists in manipulating and organizing the information in a database. A database application is any task ordinarily handled by a filing cabinet, multiply file folders, or some other information storage system. In a manual system, for example, each drawer in filing cabinet is reserved for a specific purpose, such as maintaining profile sheets on customers. Each profile is written on a standard form and a clerk places the file folder in the drawer. This manual process is identical to a computerized database, where the database software performs the function of the filing clerk. Rather that placing the customer profiles in the filing cabinet drawer, a computerized database stores each profile electronically on a disk.

Some examples of a database management programs: Dbase, R:BASE, Paradox, FoxPro, Q&A, Oracle.

Computer Aided Design. Computers are the perfect tools for creating drawing or architectural plans. Because the drawings can be saved, it is easy to incorporate modifications, design improvements and corrections. Computers are often used on the final process of converting a computer drawing into a physical product. One such example is the manufacturing of electronic circuit boards. First, the electronic circuit drafting program produces the schematic design, then a second program tests the design by simulating the circuit’s operation, and finally a third program constructs the circuit board from the design layout.

Computer Aided Design programs are: AutoCAD, TANGO, PCAD, Generic CAD.

Communications: Computers can communicate with each other via regular telephone lines and modems. Communication software programs enable different types of computers to exchange data using a common language. The IMB PC can actually emulate various types of equipment, around the world, with the help of software. Communication programs are: Smartcom, Kermit, Crosstalk, PC Talk, Pro Comm, PC Anywhere, CloseUp.

Graphic Presentations: There are actually some people, who prefer to look at 14 columns of numbers across several pages for analyzing a business’ performance. These people are called accountants. However, most people are visual learners of diagrams, graphs and charts for representing numerical trends. There are a variety of programs for displaying information graphically: –Lotus 1-2-3, Exel, Quatro Pro, Chartmaster, Chart, Harvard Graphics, Micrografix Powerpoint, DrawPerfect.

Desktop Publishing is the process of taking a document and inserting graphics and applying enhanced formatting options. These programs take text from the more common word processor and produce print-shop quality output. Desktop publishing programs are used to create newsletters, brochures, reports, book and other publications.

Desktop publishing programs include: Aldus PageMaker, Ventura Publisher, AMI Professional. Integrated Programs: they unite one or more of the primary computer applications, whether word processing, spreadsheet or database into a single package. These programs allow people to experiment with the major computer applications, while only investing in a single product. The post popular integrated programs are: –MS-Works, Q&A, Eight in one, Symphony, Framework.

Microsoft Windows. Windows is a program, which enhances many aspects of using a microcomputer. It provides a graphical user interface (GUI and pronounced «Gooey») for programs running under the Windows environment. In other word, Windows allows a person to use a mouse and choose special symbols to point at and select desired functions, rather than having to remember commands. As well Windows’ products allow a WYSIWYG (‘what you see is, what you get’) screen display, especially important for word processing and desktop publishing programs.

Here are some examples of Window – based products:

1. Word Perfect for Windows (word processing).
2. MS-Word for Windows (word processing).
3. MS-Exel for Windows (spreadsheet).
4. Aldus Page Maker (desktop publishing).
5. AMI Professional (word processing).
6. ACCPAC Simply Accounting (accounting).

III. Translate these into your own language:

1. software program

2. application program

3. industry-wide acceptance

4. along with changing the position

5. no longer needed

6. to re-type the entire document

7. calculate volumes of financial data

8. bookkeeping functions

9. to assist in manipulating and organizing the information

10. perfect tools

11. program tests the design

12. emulate various types

13. select desired functions

IV. Find English equivalents to the following words and expressions in the text:

1. выполнять специфическую функцию

2. самая распространенная прикладная программа

3. создавать, редактировать, сохранять документы

4. вставлять новую информацию

5. удалять слова, которые больше не нужны

6. может сохраниться электронно

7. получить в любое время

8. быть способным, быть в состоянии что-либо выполнять

9. ручной процесс

10. пласт

11. используется, чтобы создать

12. позволяет людям экспериментировать

13. выбрать

V. Finish the sentences according to the text.

1. An application program is a software ….. .

2. Word processing software programs allow us ….. .

3. An electronic spreadsheet is a ….. .

4. A data base application is any task ….. .

5. Computers are perfect tools for ….. .

6. Communication programs enable different types of computers ……

7. There are some people who prefer to look at 14 columns of numbers across several pages for ….. .

8. These programs take text from the more common word processor and ….. .

9. Windows allows a person ….. .

VI. Give appropriate definitions and examples of the following application programs:

1. word-processing                                 5. communications

2. accounting and spreadsheets                 6. graphic presentations

3. database management                         7. desktop publishing

4. computer aided design                         8. Microsoft Windows

VII. What kind of programs do you choose to perform the following tasks:

1. to create, edit and save documents;

2. to make a phone book, inventory list, a personal file;

3. to store and calculate volumes of financial data for banks;

4. to use a mouse and choose special symbols to point at and select desired functions;

5. to create drawings or architectural plans;

6. to communicate with other persons via regular telephone to exchange data using a common language;

7. to unite one or more of the primary computer applications.

VIII. Answer the questions:

1. What is an application program?

2. What does word processing software program allow to do?

3. What was one of the primary functions of the first mainframe computers?

4. What is a personal computer capable doing now?

5. What is spreadsheet?

6. What is database?

7. What are the perfect tools for creating drawings?

8. What are desktop publishing programs used to?

9. What is windows?

IX. Give a short summary of the text.

UNIT 10

I. Look up in the dictionary how to pronounce the following words. Write them down in the dictionary.

flipping toggle         to comprise         a notation         to issue         ambiguity

awkward                 to declare         a source         a compiler         to retrieve

II. Read the text and do the exercises that follow it.

Programming Languages

Programming has been with us for over 40 years but it wasn’t born at the time as the first computers. When the first early computers were built, there were no programming languages. First machines were initially programmed by flipping toggle switches and changing cables. Needless to say, this was a slow, awkward process. People began quickly searching for a better, faster way to issue instructions to the computer.

The result was what we call Programming Languages. The programming languages fall into three general categories. They are comprised of ones and zeros, and are directly understood or executed by hardware. Electronic circuitry turns these 0s and 1s into the operations the computer performs.

Assembly Languages are powerful programming tools because they allow programmers a large amount of direct control over the hardware. They offer programmers greater ease in writing instructions but preserve the programmer’s ability to declare exactly what operations the hardware performs. Assembly languages are machine-specific, or machine-dependent. Machine-dependent means the instructions are specific to one type of computer hardware. Assembly languages are still provided by most computer manufacturers – they can’t be translated and used on another computer.

Assembly code for a Prime mini won’t work on a Digital mini. Assembly code can’t even be transferred between some machines built by the same manufacturer. For the most part, assembly languages are used by systems programmers to develop operating systems and their components.

So Assembly languages were the first bridge between the English Language and the computer’s binary language. The creation of high-level programming languages followed. A high-level language is a language in which each instruction or statement correspond to several machine code instructions.

As high-level languages are a method of writing programs using Englishlike words as instructions, they allow users to write in a notation with which they are familiar, e.g., Fortran in mathematical notation, Cobol in English.

High-level programming languages combine several machine language instructions into one high-level instruction. Low-level languages required only a single letter or a short mnemonic a term, or a word that is easy to identify, such as ADD for addition. High-level language requires just a single statement.

A Statement is an expression of instruction in a programming language. For example, PRINT FILE, TXT is a statement. A statement translates into one or more instructions at the machine language level. Each programming language includes a set of statement and a syntax. Syntax is the set of rules governing the language’s structure and statements. The syntax rules may include how statements are written, the order in which statements occur, and how sections of programs are organized.

FORTRAN was created in 1954 by John Backus. And it was one of the first high-level languages for FORmular TRANslator. Fortran allows programmers to calculate complex formulas with a few source code instructions. It is used for scientific and mathematical problems. The source program is written using combination of algebraic formulas and English statements of a standard but readable form.

Another high-level machine language is Cobol. Cobol was developed by the Conference on Data Systems Languages. Cobol was issued by the US Government Printing Office in 1960. Cobol stands for Common Business-Oriented Language. The source program is written using statements in English. It was made for business industry, government and education applications. This means that Cobol «has a place for everything» and requires programmers to «put everything in its place». Cobol programs are separated into four sections, called divisions:

1. The Identification Division (раздел идентификации) documents the program name, the programmer’s name (s), dates and any other important identification information.

2. The Environment Division (раздел оборудования) names the computer hardware, including the CPU and I/O devices.

3. Data Division (раздел данных) identifies all associated files and working storage sections of the program.

4. The Procedure Division contains all the instructions in the Cobol program.

Cobol divisions are further divided into paragraphs and sections. This structure helps programmers write code efficiently and with a minimum of repetition and confusion.

Algol was developed as an international language for the expression of the algorithms between individuals, as well as programming language. It was introduced in the early 1960s. Algol stands for ALGOrithmic Language. This language is used for mathematical and scientific use. An Algol program consists of data items, statements and declarations, organized into a program structure BASIC or the Beginners AU-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code, was developed over a period of years by professors John Kemeny and Thomas Kurtz and students in the computer science program at Dartmouth College. It was released in 1965. In most versions, BASIC is an unstructured language. The original Basic was easy to learn allowing computer users to write simple programs within a few minutes.

Basic uses five major categories of statements:

– Arithmetical statements allow users to use Basic like a calculator

– Input/ Output statements, including READ, DATA, INPUT and PRINT

– Control statements including GOTO, IF-THEN, FOR, NEXT and END control the sequence of instructions executed by the computer

– Other statements help document Basic programs and set up data dimensions respectively

– System Commands tell the operating system how to work with Basic programs

RUN means execute a program

LIST directs the computer to display a Basic program.

III. Fill in the gaps necessary words or expressions:

1. First machines were ….. by flipping toggle switches and ….. .

2. The programming languages fall into ….. .

3. They are comprised of ….. and ….. .

4. ….. are powerful programming tools.

5. Machine-dependent means ….. .

6. A high-level language is a language in which ….. .

7. ….. is an expression of instruction in a programming language.

8. ….. allows programmers to calculate complex formulas with a few source code instructions.

9. ….. stands for ALGOrithmic Language.

10. Basic uses ….. .

IV. Fill in the prepositions:

1. Programming has been ….. us for over 40 years.

2. People began searching ….. a better, faster way to issue instructions to the computer.

3. They offer programmers greater ease ….. writing instructions.

4. Assembly code ….. a Prime mini won’t work ….. a Digital mini.

5. Assembly languages were the first bridge ….. the English Language and the computer’s binary language.

6. A statement translates ….. one or more instructions ….. the machine language level.

7. System Commands tell the operating system how to work … Basic programs.

V. Find the synonyms to the following words:

to execute, a tool, to allow, to preserve a notation, to issue, to differ

VI. Find the antonyms to the following words:

to die, to be destroyed, important, slowly, indirectly, difficulty

low level, unfamiliar, high level, to unite

VII. Give appropriate definition of the following terms:

1. programming languages

2. Assembly Language

3. Cobol

4. Algol

5. Basic

VIII. Give the situation from the text in which the following words and expressions are used:

1. for over 40 years

2. slow, awkward process

3. three general categories

4. a large amount of direct control

5. machine-dependent

6. to develop operating systems and their components

7. combine several machine language instructions

8. a set of statements

9. a few code instructions

10. write code efficiently

IX. Answer the questions:

1. How were the first computers programmed?

2. What is an example of assembly language?

3. What does the term machine-dependent mean?

4. What is an assembly language primary used for?

5. What is a high-level language?

6. What does it combine?

7. What is a statement/syntax?

8. When was FORTRAN created? What is Fortran?

9. When was Cobol created? What is Cobol?

10. How many sections are Cobol separated into?

11. What is Algol (when was it developed and for what)?

12. What is Basic?

13. What are major categories of Basic?

Список использованных источников

Основная литература

1. Агабекян И.П. Английский для бакалавров. –  Ростов-на-Дону: «Феникс»,  2012.
2. Бусыгин Б.С., Коротенко Г.М., Коротенко Л.М. Введение в современную информатику. – Днепропетровск, НГУ, 2011.
3. Сукнов М.П. Английский язык. Учебное пособие для студентов 1-2 курсов компьютерных и радиотехнических специальностей. – Компания СМИТ, 2012.
   

Дополнительная литература

1. Радовель В. А. Английский язык. Основы компьютерной грамотности: Учебное пособие / Радовель В. А. – Ростов н/Д: Феникс, 2006. – 224 с.
2. Учебное пособие English for Computer Science Students / Сост. Т.В. Смирнова, М.В. Юдельсон; Науч. Ред. Н.А. Дударева. – 3-е изд. – М.: Флинта: Наука, 2003. – 128 с.: 9 ил.
3. Eric H. Glendinning, John McEwan. – Basic English for computing. – Oxford University Press. – 1999.
4. Tom Ricca-McCarthy, Michael Duckworth. – English for Telecoms and Information Technology. – Oxford University Press. – 2013

Интернет-ресуры

1. http://www.eslcafe.com
2. http://www.study.ru

Министерство образования и науки Хабаровского края

Краевое государственное бюджетное профессиональное образовательное учреждение

«Комсомольский-на-Амуре авиационно-технический техникум»

ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

ПО ИНОСТРАННОМУ (АНГЛИЙСКОМУ) ЯЗЫКУ

Специальность 13.02.11 Техническая эксплуатация и обслуживание электрического и электромеханического оборудования (по отраслям)

Форма обучения (очная)

Курс 2, 3, 4 семестр 3, 4, 5, 6, 8

Практические занятия 172 часа

Самостоятельная работа 86 часов

Зачет 8 семестр

Учебное пособие составлено в соответствии с требованиями федерального государственного образовательного стандарта среднего профессионального образования, утвержденного приказом Министерства образования и науки Российской Федерации от «06» ноября 2009 г. № 247

Рассмотрено на заседании ПЦК общеобразовательных дисциплин

Протокол № ___ от «___» ___________ 2015 г.

Председатель ПЦК ___________                 Н.К. Тургенева

                             (подпись)                        (ФИО)

Составитель                  преподаватель английского языка         ___________         Т.Е. Марфина

                                          (должность)                               (подпись)                 (ФИО)

2015

Аннотация

Предлагаемое учебное пособие предназначено для студентов 2-4 курса специальности 13.02.11 Техническая эксплуатация и обслуживание электрического и электромеханического оборудования (по отраслям) и разработано в соответствии с требованиями федерального государственного образовательного стандарта среднего профессионального образования и учебной программы курса английского языка.

Цель настоящего пособия – формирование навыков работы с иноязычными текстами, навыков перевода, извлечения информации и её переработки на основе различных видов чтения, расширение активного и пассивного словарного запаса в профессиональной области. Учебное пособие позволяет решать следующие задачи на уроке иностранного языка (английского):

• совершенствование процесса качественного произношения слов;
• введение и закрепление лексики;
• работа над грамматикой;
• совершенствование навыков устной речи.

Специальная лексика вводится тематически, закрепляется в разнообразных упражнениях. Разделы включают в себя следующие задания:

• прочитать и перевести текст;
• дать ответы на вопросы к тексту;
• заполнить пропуски подходящей по смыслу лексикой;
• составить монологические и диалогические высказывания по предлагаемым для обсуждения темам с обязательным использованием лексики урока.

Разработанные упражнения предназначены для организации адекватного понимания содержания текстов.

Материалы, представленные в пособии, могут использоваться как в ходе самостоятельной работы студентов над иностранным языком, так и на практических занятиях под руководством преподавателя.

Contents

Unit 1    4

Unit 2    5

Unit 3    6

Unit 4  8

Unit 5  10

Unit 6  11

Unit 7  12

Unit 8  14

Unit 9  15

Unit 10  16

Unit 11  17

Unit 12  18

Unit 13  19

Unit 14  21

Unit 15  23

Unit 16  24

Unit 17  25

Unit 18  26

Unit 19  28

Список использованных источников  30

UNIT 1

I. Read the text

THE NATURE OF ELECTRICITY

Practical electricity is produced by small atomic particles known as electrons. It is the movement of these particles which produce the effects of heat and light.

The pressure that forces these atomic particles to move, the effects they encounter opposition and how these forces are controlled are some of the principles of electricity.

Accepted atomic theory states that all matter is electrical in structure. Any object is largely composed of a combination of positive and negative particles of electricity. Electric current will pass through a wire, a body, or along a stream of water. It can be established in some substances more readily than in others, that all matter is composed of electric particles despite some basic differences in materials. The science of electricity then must begin with a study of the structure of matter. Matter is defined as any substance which has mass (or weight) and occupies space. This definition should be broad enough to cover all physical objects in the universe. Wood, water, iron, and paper are some examples of matter. Energy is closely related to, but not to be confused with, matter. Energy does not have mass, and it does not occupy space. Heat and light are examples of energy.

The smallest particle of matter which can be recognized as an original substance was thought to be a unit called the atom. Recently scientists have found particles even smaller than atoms, but our theories are still based on the atom. The atom consists of a nucleus and a cloud of electrons. It is generally agreed that the electrons are small particles of electricity, which are negative in nature. These particles orbit the nucleus in much the same fashion that planets orbit a sun.

II. Guess the meaning of the following international words:

Electricity, electron, effect, structure, combination, material, mass, energy, atom, orbit

III. Give the English equivalents for the words below:

1) производить; 2) частица; 3) тепло и свет; 4) напряжение; 5) сила; 6) вещество; 7) положительный; отрицательный; 9) электрический ток; 10) вес; 11) ядро

IV. Translate into Russian the words and expressions from the text:

1) atomic particle; 2) effects of heat and light; 3) encounter opposition; 4) principles of electricity; 5) composed (of); 6) pass through a wire; 7) structure of matter; occupy space; 9) physical objects; 10) a cloud of electrons; 11) in the same fashion.

V. Complete the sentences using the text:

1. Electricity is produced by …

2. The effects of heat and light are produced by …

3. According to the accepted atomic theory all matter is …

4. Any object is composed of …

5. Matter is defined as …

6. Energy must not be confused with …

7. The atom consists of …

8. The smallest particle of matter is …

9. Most theories are based on …

10. Electrons are …

VI. Answer the questions:

1) What are the principles of electricity? 2) What must the science of electricity begin with? 3) Are there any differences between energy and matter? What are they? 4) What is recognized as an original substance now?

VII. Topics for discussion:

1. The nature of electricity;

2. The nature of matter;

3. Contents of atomic theory.

UNIT 2

I. Read the text

ELECTRIC CURRENT

The electric current is a quantity of electrons flowing in a circuit per second of time. The unit of measure for current is ampere. If one coulomb passes a point in a circuit per second then the current strength is 1 ampere. The symbol for current is I.

The current which flows along wires consists of moving electrons. The electrons move along the circuit because the e .m. f. drives them. The current is directly proportional to the e. m. f.

In addition to traveling through solids, however, the electric current can flow through liquids as well and even through gases. In both cases it produces some most important effects to meet industrial requirements. Some liquids, such as melted metals for example, conduct current without any change to themselves. Others, called electrolytes, are found to change greatly when the current passes through them.

When the electrons flow in one direction only, the current is known to be d. c., that is, direct current. The simplest source of power for the direct current is a battery, for a battery pushes the electrons in the same direction all the time (i.e., from the negatively charged terminal to the positively charged terminal).

The letters a. c. stand for alternating current. The current under consideration flows first in one direction and then in the opposite one. The a. c. used for power and lighting purposes is assumed to go through 50 cycles in one second.

One of the great advantages of a. c. is the ease with which power at low voltage can be changed into an almost similar amount of power at high voltage and vice versa. Hence, on the one hand alternating voltage is increased when it is necessary for long-distance transmission and, on the other hand, one can decrease it to meet industrial requirements as well as to operate various devices at home.

Although there are numerous cases when d. c. is required, at least 90 per cent of electrical energy to be generated at present is a. c. In fact, it finds wide application for lighting, heating, industrial, and some other purposes.

II. Guess the meaning of the following international words:

electric, ampere, symbol, proportional, industrial, metal, electrolyte, battery, generate.

III. Give the English equivalents for the words and word combinations below:

a. 1) течь, протекать; 2) цепь, схема; 3) единица измерения; 4) провод; 5) электродвижущая сила; 6) твердое тело; 7) жидкость; проводить (ток); 9) источник энергии; 10) постоянный ток; 11) переменный ток; 12) напряжение.

IV. Give Russian equivalents for the following:

b. 1) to meet industrial requirements; 2) melted metals; 3) to push in the same direction; 4) negatively (positively) charged terminal; 5) power and lightning purposes; 6) long-distance transmission; 7) to operate devices; to find wide application.

V. Say whether these sentences are true or false:

1. The symbol for current is I.

2. The electric current can flow only through liquids.

3. The current can be of two types: direct current and alternating current.

4. The alternating current flows in one direction.

5. A battery is the simplest source of power for the direct current.

6. Direct current finds wider application than alternating current.

7. Electrolytes don’t change greatly when current passes through them.

8. One of the great advantages of alternating current is the ease with which voltage can be changed.

VI. Fill in the blanks, using the words from the box:

direct current, solids, conduct, electric current, liquids, voltage, alternating current

• A quantity of moving electrons flowing in a circuit is the a) _______ .
• The current can flow through b) ________ and c) ________ .
• Some liquids d) _______ current without any change to themselves.
• When the electrons flow in one direction only, the current is known to be e) _______ .
• The current flowing first in one direction and then in the opposite one is f) _______ .
• Such advantage of alternating current as alternating g) _______ finds wide industrial and household application.

VII. State the questions to the underlined words:

1. Melted metals conduct current without any change to themselves.

2. Alternating voltage can be changed to operate various devices at home.

3. A battery pushes the electrons in the same direction.

4. The alternating current is used for power and lightning purposes.

5. Alternating current accounts for 90 per cent of electrical energy generated now.

VIII. Say some sentences about the types of electric current and its properties

UNIT 3

I. Read the text

EFFECTS PRODUCED BY A CURRENT

The current flow is detected and measured by any of the effects that it produces. There are three important effects accompanying the motion of electric charges: the heating, the magnetic, and chemical effects, the latter is manifested under special conditions.

The production of heat is perhaps the most familiar among the principal effects of an electric current. The heating effect of the current is found to occur in the electric circuit itself. It is detected owing to an increase in the temperature of the circuit. This effect represents a continual transformation of electric energy into heat. For instance, the current which flows through the filament of an incandescent lamp heats that filament to a high temperature.

The heat produced per second depends both upon the resistance of the conductor and upon the amount of current carried through it. The thinner the wire is, the greater the developed heat is. On the contrary, the larger the wire is, the more negligible the heat produced is. Heat is greatly desirable at times but at other times it represents a waste of useful energy. It is this waste that is generally called «heat loss» for it serves no useful purposes and decreases efficiency.

The heat developed in the electric circuit is of great practical importance for heating, lighting and other purposes. Owing to it people are provided with a large number of appliances, such as: electric lamps that light our homes, streets and factories, electrical heaters that are widely used to meet industrial requirements, and a hundred and one other necessary and irreplaceable things which have been serving mankind for so many years.

The electric current can manifest itself in some other way. It is the motion of the electric charges that produces the magnetic forces. A conductor of any kind carrying an electric current, a magnetic field is set up about that conductor.

This effect exists always whenever an electric current flows, although in many cases it is so weak that one neglects it in dealing with the circuit. An electric charge at rest does not manifest any magnetic effect. The use of such a machine as the electric motor has become possible owing to the electromagnetic effect.

The last effect to be considered is the chemical one. The chemical effect is known to occur when an electric current flows through a liquid. Thanks to it a metal can be transferred from one part of the liquid to another. It may also effect chemical changes in the part of the circuit comprising the liquid and the two electrodes which are found in this liquid. Any of the above mentioned effects may be used for detecting and measuring current.

II. Give the English equivalents for the following words:

1. выявлять, обнаруживать;         6. лампа накаливания;

2. измерять;                                 7. прибор;

3. заряд;                                 8. потеря энергии;

4. нить накала;                         9. освещать;

5. тепловой эффект;                         10. обнаруживаться, проявляться.

III. Guess the meaning of the following international words:

transformation, temperature, chemical, magnetic, special, practical, motor, electrode.

IV. Insert words and expressions:

1. The current flow is (выявляется и измеряется) by any of the effects that it produces.

2. There are three important effects accompanying the motion of (электрические заряды).

3. The current which flows through the (нить накала лампы накаливания) heats that filament to a high temperature.

4. Heat represents (потерю полезной энергии) at times.

5. Electric lamps (освещать) our homes, streets and factories.

6. The electric current can (проявлять) magnetic effect.

V. Choose the correct translation:

The heating effect of the current is found to occur in the electric circuit itself.

1. Установлено, что тепловой эффект электрического тока обнаруживается в самой электрической цепи.

2. Тепловой эффект электрического тока может появляться в самой электрической цепи.

3. Установлено, что тепловой эффект электрического тока должен обнаруживаться в самой электрической цепи.

Когда в любом проводнике появляется электрический ток, вокруг него возникает магнитное поле.

1. A conductor of any kind carrying an electric current, a magnetic field was set up about that conductor.

2. A conductor of any kind have been carrying an electric current, a magnetic field is set up about that conductor.

3. A conductor of any kind carrying an electric current, a magnetic field is set up about that conductor.

Последний эффект, который необходимо рассмотреть – химический эффект.

1. The last effect is considered to be the chemical one.

2. The last effect to be considered is the chemical one.

3. The last effect would be considered the chemical one.

Известно, что химический эффект возникает, когда электрический ток проходит через жидкость.

1. The chemical effect is known to occur when an electric current flows through a liquid.

2. The chemical effect is famous to occur when an electric current flows through a liquid.

3. The chemical effect may be known to occur when an electric current flows through a liquid.

Именно движение электрических зарядов порождает магнитные силы.

1. The motion of the electric charges produces the magnetic forces.

2. It is the motion of the electric charges that produces the magnetic forces.

3. The motion of the electric charges is certain to produce the magnetic forces.

VI. Answer the questions:

1. What effects does the current flow produce?

2. How is the heating effect detected?

3. What does the heat produced depend upon?

4. What is called “heat loss”?

5. How is the magnetic effect set up?

6. What is the main condition of the magnetic effect existence?

7. When does the chemical effect occur?

VII. Speak about the principal effects of an electric current, using the text and chart above

UNIT 4

I. Read the text

ELECTRIC CURCUITS

The concepts of electric charge and potential are very important in the study of electric currents. When an extended conductor has different potentials at its ends, the free electrons of the conductor itself are caused to drift from one end to the other. The potential difference must be maintained by some electric source such as electrostatic generator or a battery or a direct current generator. The wire and the electric source together form an electric circuit, the electrons are drifting around it as long as the conducting path is maintained.

There are various kinds of electric circuits such as: open circuits, closed circuits, series circuits, parallel circuits and short circuits. To understand the difference between the following circuit connections is not difficult at all. If the circuit is broken or «opened» anywhere, the current is known to stop everywhere. The circuit is broken when an electric device is switched off. The path along which the electrons travel must be complete otherwise no electric power can be supplied from the source to the load. Thus the circuit is “closed” when an electric device is switched on.

When electrical devices are connected so that the current flows from one device to another, they are said «to be connected in series». Under such conditions the current flow is the same in all parts of the circuit as there is only a single path along which it may flow. The electrical bell circuit is considered to be a typical example of a series circuit. The “parallel” circuit provides two or more paths for the passage of current. The circuit is divided in such a way that part of the current flows through one path and part through another. The lamps in the houses are generally connected in parallel.

The “short” circuit is produced when the current can return to the source of supply without control. The short circuits often result from cable fault or wire fault. Under certain conditions the short circuit may cause fire because the current flows where it was not supposed to flow. If the current flow is too great a fuse is used as a safety device to stop the current flow.

II. Guess the meaning of the following international words:

concept, potential, electrostatic generator, aluminum, parallel, typical, control.

III. Give the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:

1) электрические цепи, 2) электрический заряд, 3) проводник, 4) сопротивление, 5) движение электронов, 6) изолятор, 7) короткое замыкание, энергия.

IV. Say whether these sentences are true or false:

1. When an extended conductor has the same potential at its ends, free electrons are drifting from one end to another.

2. The wire and the electric source together form an electric circuit.

3. A path of any material will allow current to exist.

4. Silver, copper and gold oppose very strongly.

5. The slighter the opposition is, the better the insulator is.

6. There is only one type of electric circuit.

7. We close the circuit when we switch on our electric device.

V. Complete the sentences using the text:

1. The potential difference must be maintained by …

2. Materials that offer slight opposition are called …

3. The best insulators are …

4. There are various kinds of electric circuits such as …

5. We “open” the circuit when …

6. We “close” the circuit when …

7. The “short” circuit is produced when …

8. A fuse is …

VI. Answer the questions:

1. What concepts are very important in study of electric current?

2. What forms an electric circuit?

3. What materials are the best conductors and insulators?

4. What kinds of electric circuits do you know?

5. How can we open and close the circuit?

6. When are electrical devices connected in series?

7. What is an example of a series circuit?

8. What can you say about «parallel» circuits?

9. What does the short circuit often result from?

VII. Talk on the types of electric circuits

UNIT 5

I. Read the text

ALTERNATING CURRENT

Current is defined as increment of electrons. The unit for measuring current was named in honor of A.M. Ampere, the French physicist. Thus it is called ampere. The symbol for current is I. The electric current is a quantity of electrons flowing in a circuit per second of time. The electrons move along the circuit because the e. m. f. drives them. The current is directly proportional to the e. m. f.

A steam of electrons in a circuit will develop a magnetic field around the conductor along which the electrons are moving. The strength of the magnetic field depends upon the current strength along the conductor. The direction of the field is dependent upon the direction of the current.

If the force causing the electron flow is indirect, the current is called direct (d. c.). If the force changes its direction periodically the current is called alternative (a. c.).

Alternating current is the current that changes direction periodically. The electrons leave one terminal of the power supply, flow out along the conductor, stop, and then flow back toward the same terminal. A voltage that caused current reverses its polarity periodically. This is properly called an alternating voltage. The power supply that provides the alternating voltage actually reverses the polarity of its terminals according to a fixed periodic pattern. A given terminal will be negative for a specific period of time and drive electrons out through the circuit. Then, the same terminal becomes positive and attracts electrons back from the circuit. This voltage source cannot be a battery. It must consist of some types of rotating machinery.

II. Guess the meaning of the following international words:

1) physicist, 2) ampere, 3) symbol, 4) second, 5) polarity, 6) period, 7) battery.

III. Translate into Russian the words and expression from the text:

1) increment of electrons; 2) measuring; 3) to drive; 4) directly proportional; 5) conductor; 6) strength; 7) causing force; terminal; 9) to flow; 10) to reverse.

IV. Give the English equivalents for the words below:

1) переменный ток, 2) за секунду, 3) количество электронов, 4) поток электронов, 5) магнитное поле, 6) направление, 7) зависеть, усиление, 9) источник напряжения, 10) ротационный механизм.

V. Complete the sentences using the text:

1. The electric current is …

2. The unit for measuring current is …

3. A steam of electrons in a circuit will develop …

4. The current is called direct if …

5. The current is called alternating if…

6. Alternating voltage is …

7. Alternating voltage source cannot be …

VI. Answer the questions:

1. Why do electrons move along the circuit?

2. What does the strength of the magnetic field depend upon?

3. What does the direction of the field depend upon?

4. What is the way of alternating current electrons?

5. How does the alternating voltage power supply reverse the polarity of terminals?

VI. Talk on the properties of the electric current and its types

UNIT 6

I. Read the text

CONDUCTORS AND INSULATORS

All substances have some ability of conducting the electric current, however, they differ greatly in the ease with which the current can pass through them. Solid metals conduct electricity with ease while non-metals do not allow it to flow freely. Thus, there are conductors and insulators. What do the terms «conductors» and «insulators» mean? This difference is expressed by what is called electrical conductivity of the body. It depends upon the atomic constitution of the body. Substances through which electricity is easily transmitted are called conductors. Any material that strongly resists the electric current flow is known as an insulator.

Conductance, that is the conductor’s ability of passing electric charges, depends on the four factors: the size of the wire used, its length and temperature as well as the kind of material to be employed. A large conductor will carry the current more readily than a thinner one. To flow through a short conductor is certainly easier for the current than through a long one in spite of their being made of similar material. Hence, the longer the wire, the greater is its opposition, that is resistance, to the passage of current.

There is a great difference in the conducting ability of various substances. Almost all metals are good electric current conductors. The best conductors are silver, copper, gold and aluminum. Nevertheless, copper carries the current more freely than iron; and silver, in its turn, is a better conductor than copper. Copper is the most widely used conductor. The electrically operated devices are connected to the wall socket by copper wires.

A material which resists the flow of the electric current is called an insulator. The higher the opposition is, the better the insulator is. There are many kinds of insulation used to cover the wires. The kind used depends upon the purposes the wire or cord is meant for. The insulating materials generally used to cover the wires are rubber, asbestos, glass, plastics and others. The best insulators are oil, rubber and glass. Rubber covered with cotton, or rubber alone is the insulating material usually used to cover desk lamp cords and radio cords. Glass is the insulator to be often seen on the poles that carry the telephone wires in city streets. Glass insulator strings are usually suspended from the towers of high voltage transmission lines. One of the most important insulators of all, however, is air. That is why power transmission line wires are bare wires depending on air to keep the current from leaking off.

Conducting materials are by no means the only materials to play an important part in electrical engineering. There must certainly be a conductor, that is a path, along which electricity is to travel and there must be insulators keeping it from leaking off the conductor.

II. Give the Russian equivalents for the words and word combinations below:

1) conductors; 2) insulators; 3) transmit; 4) resistance; 5) passage of current; 6) socket; 7) to connect to; cord; 9) high voltage transmission line; 10) leak off.

III. Find in the text the sentences with the following related words and translate them:

conducting – conductor – conductivity – conductance

IV. State questions to the underlined words:

1) Solid metals conduct electricity with ease.

2) Conductance depends on the four factors.

3) There are many kinds of insulation used to cover the wires.

4) Insulators keep electricity from leaking off the conductor.

5) Conductors play an important role in electrical engineering.

V. Say whether these sentences are true or false:

1) Electrical conductivity of a body depends upon its atomic constitution.

2) There is no difference in the conducting ability of various substances.

3) The longer the wire is the weaker its opposition is.

4) The kind of the insulating material depends upon the purpose it is meant for.

5) Conductors are substances through which electricity is easily transmitted.

6) Insulators do not allow the electric current to flow freely.

VI. Talk on the conducting ability of various substances and their appliance in electrical engineering.

UNIT 7

I. Read the text

SEMICONDUCTORS

There are materials that really occupy a place between the conductors of the electric current and the non-conductors. They are called semiconductors. These materials conduct electricity less readily than conductors but much better than insulators.

Semiconductors include almost all minerals, many chemical elements, a great variety of chemical compounds, alloys of metals, and a number of organic compounds. Like metals, they conduct electricity but they do it less effectively.

In metals all electrons are free and in insulators they are fixed. In semiconductors electrons are fixed, too, but the connection is so weak that the heat motion of the atoms of a body easily pulls them away and sets them free.

Minerals and crystals appear to possess some unexpected properties. It is well known that their conductivity increases with heating and falls with cooling.

As a semiconductor is heated, free electrons in it increase in number, hence, its conductivity increases as well.

Heat is by no means the only phenomenon influencing semiconductors. They are sensitive to light, too. Take germanium as an example. Its electrical properties may greatly change when it is exposed to light. With the help of a ray of light directed at a semiconductor, we can start or stop various machines, effect remote control, and perform lots of other useful things. Just as they are influenced by falling light, semiconductors are also influenced by all radiation.

Generally speaking, they are so sensitive that a heated object can be detected by its radiation.

Such dependence of conductivity on heat and light has opened up great possibilities for various uses of semiconductors. The semiconductor devices are applied for transmission of signals, for automatic control of a variety of processes, for switching on engines, for the reproduction of sound, protection of high-voltage transmission lines, speeding up of some chemical reactions, and so on. On the one hand they may be used to transform light and heat energy directly into electric energy without any complex mechanism with moving parts, and on the other hand, they are capable of generating heat or cold from electricity.

Russian engineers and scientists turned their attention to semiconductors many years ago. They saw in them a means of solving an old engineering problem, namely, that of direct conversion of heat into electricity without boilers or machines. Semiconductor thermocouples created in Russia convert heat directly into electricity just as a complex system consisting of a steam boiler, a steam engine and a generator does it.

II. Give the English equivalents for the words and word combinations below:

1) полупроводник; 2) химическое соединение; 3) сплав; 4) освобождать; 5) свойство; 6) увеличивать(ся); 7) охлаждение; чувствительный к; 9) выставлять; 10) луч; 11) направлять на; 12) дистанционное управление; 13) находить, обнаруживать; 14) защита; 15) ускорение; 16) решить инженерную проблему; 17) термоэлемент.

III. Guess the meaning of the following international words:

element, organic, mineral, crystal, phenomenon, automatic, control, process, reproduction, conversion, boiler.

IV. Join the beginnings and ends:

-Semiconductors are sensitive to … conductors of the electric current and non-conductors.

-Semiconductors convert heat into … … dependence of conductivity on heat and light.

-Semiconductors occupy a place between… … heat and light.

-Semiconductors conduct electricity …into electricity without machines.

-As a semiconductor is heated … … its conductivity increases as well.

V. Insert words and expressions:

1) Semiconductors include a great variety of (химические соединения), (сплавы металлов).

2) Minerals and crystals appear to possess some unexpected (свойства). Their conductivity increases with (нагревание) and falls with (охлаждение).

3) With the help of a ray of light directed at a semiconductor, we can effect (дистанционное управление).

4) The semiconductor devices are applied for (автоматический контроль) of a variety of processes, for the (воспроизведение) of sound, (ускорение) of some chemical reactions.

5) (Термоэлементы) created in Russia convert heat directly into electricity.

VI. Answer the questions:

1) What do semiconductors include? 2) How does the atomic structure of semiconductors influence their properties? 3) What phenomena influence semiconductors? 4) What are the semiconductor devices applied for? 5) How do semiconductors help in solving engineering problems?

VII. Talk on the properties of semiconductors and their practical application

UNIT 8

I. Read the text

ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM

Text 1. Electromotive force

When free electrons are dislodged from atoms, electrical energy is released.

Chemical reaction, friction heat and electromagnetic induction will cause electrons to move from one atom to another. Whenever energy in any form is released, a force called electromotive (e. m. f.) is developed. If the force exerts its effort always in one direction, it is called direct; and if the force changes its direction of exertion periodically, it is called alternating.

The chemical reaction in a dry cell, heat and friction are sources of a unidirectional force. Electromagnetic induction produces an alternating force. The direction of force depends on the direction in which the field is cut. Whenever an e. m. f. is developed, there is also a field of energy called an electrostatic field, which can be detected by an electroscope and measured by an electrometer.

Text 2 Electromagnetic Induction

An electromotive force is induced in the conductor when there is a change in the magnetic field surrounding a conductor. This induced electromotive force may be produced in several ways as follows:

a. A conductor may move in a stationary magnetic field of constant strength.

b. A stationary conductor may be exposed ‘to a moving magnetic field of constant strength.

c. The strength of the field surrounding the conductor may change without any motion of conductor or magnetic circuit.

The electromotive force induced by motion of a conductor or a magnetic flux is the same when the conductor rotates and the flux is stationary or the flux rotates and the conductor is stationary. If both, conductor and flux, rotate in the same direction at the same speed, no electromotive force will be produced, if they rotate at the same speed but in opposite directions, the electromotive force induced would be twice as that which would be induced, if one of them was stationary. An electromotive force is not induced when a conductor is moved parallel to the lines of force, but only when it moves at an angle with these lines.

Any motion across the direction of the lines, however, will produce an electromotive force in the conductor. For this reason, the conductor is said to «cut» the lines of force. The actual electromotive force induced in the conductor depends upon the nature at which the flux is cut.

Text 3 Electromotive force and resistance

The electromotive force is the very force that moves the electrons from one point in an electric circuit towards another. In case this e. m. f. is direct, the current is direct. On the other hand, were the electromotive force alternating, the current would be alternating, too. The e. m. f. is measurable and it is the volt that is the unit used for measuring it. A current is unable to flow in a circuit consisting of metallic wires alone. A source of an e. m. f. should be provided as well. The source under consideration may be a cell or a battery, a generator, a thermocouple or a photocell, etc.

In addition to the electromotive force and the potential difference reference should be made to another important factor that greatly influences electrical flow, namely, resistance. All substances offer a certain amount of opposition, that is to say resistance, to the passage of current. This resistance may be high or low depending on the type of circuit and the material employed. Glass and rubber offer a very high resistance and, hence, they are considered as good insulators. All substances do allow the passage of some current provided the potential difference is high enough.

Certain factors can greatly influence the resistance of an electric circuit.

They are the size of the wire, its length, and type. In short, the thinner or longer the wire, the greater is the resistance offered.

II. Give the English equivalents for the words below. Find in the text the sentences with these words and translate them

1) трение; 2) электродвижущая сила; 3) элемент; 4) параллельное соединение; 5) сопротивление; 6) электромагнитная индукция; 7) переменный ток; постоянное напряжение; 9) фотоэлемент.

III. Guess the meaning of the following international words and translate them:

reaction, electrostatic, electrometer, electroscope, volt, metallic.

IV. Say whether these sentences are true or false:

1. Alternating force always exerts its effort in one direction.

2. Alternating force is produced by electromagnetic induction.

3. The electromotive force is induced by motion of a conductor.

4. Resistance is an important factor that greatly influences electrical flow.

5. The type of the material employed doesn’t influence the resistance.

V. Answer the questions:

1) What factors cause the motion of electrons from one atom to another? 2) When is the electromotive force developed? 3) When does an electrostatic field appear? 4) How is the electromotive force induced? 5) What unit is used for measuring the electromotive force? 6) What are the sources of electromotive force? 7) What is called “resistance”? How do the types of circuit and material influence the resistance? 9) Name the factors that influence the resistance.

UNIT 9

I. Read the text

DYNAMOS

The term «dynamo» is applied to machines which convert either mechanical energy into electrical energy or electrical energy into mechanical energy by utilizing the principle of electromagnetic induction. A dynamo is called a generator when mechanical energy supplied in the form of rotation is converted into electrical energy. When the energy conversion takes place in the reverse order the dynamo is called a motor. Thus a dynamo is a reversible machine capable of operation as a generator or motor as desired.

A generator does not create electricity, but generates or produces an induced electromotive force, which causes a current to flow through a properly insulated system of electrical conductors external to it. The amount of electricity obtainable from such a generator is dependent upon the mechanical energy supplied. In the circuit external to a generator the e. m. f. causes the electricity to flow from a higher or positive potential to a lower or negative potential. In the internal circuit of a generator the e. m. f. causes the current to flow from a lower potential to a higher potential. The action of a generator is based upon the principles of electromagnetic induction.

The dynamo consists essentially of two parts: a magnetic field, produced by electromagnets, and a number of loops or coils of wire wound upon an iron core, forming the armature. These parts are arranged so that the number of the magnetic lines of force of the field threading through the armature, coils will be constantly varied, thereby producing a steady e. m. f. in the generator or a constant torque in the motor.

II. Fill in the gaps with the words given below:

to convert, generator, reversible, obtainable, induction, loops

1. The term “dynamo” is applied to machines which…..either mechanical energy into electrical or on the contrary electrical energy into mechanical energy.

2. A dynamo is a ….. machine capable of operation as a generator or motor as desired.

3. The amount of electricity ….. from such a generator is dependent upon the mechanical energy supplied .

4. The action of a generator is based upon the principles of electromagnetic …… .

5. The dynamo consists of two parts: a magnetic field, produced by electromagnets, and a number of …..or coils of wire.

III. Find the Russian equivalents for the following English words and word combinations:

1) to be applied to smth.; 2) to convert smth. into smth.; 3) rotation; 4) to utilize; 5) a properly insulated system; 6) internal (external) circuit; 7) capable of operation; positive (negative) potential; 9) reverse order; 10) energy conversion.

IV. Answer the questions

1. What term can be applied to machines converting mechanical energy into electrical?

2. What kind of machine is a dynamo?

3. What is the function of a generator?

4. What is the action of a generator based upon?

5. What parts does the dynamo consist of?

UNIT 10

I. Read the text

GENERATORS

The powerful, highly efficient generators and alternators that are in use today operate on the same principle as the dynamo invented by the great English scientist Faraday in 1831. Dynamo-electric machines are used to supply light, heat and power on a large scale. These are the machines that produce more than 99.99 per cent of all the world’s electric power.

There are two types of dynamos – the generator and the alternator. The former supplies d. c. which is similar to the current from a battery and the latter provides a. c. To generate electricity both of them must be continuously provided with energy from some outside source of mechanical energy such as steam engines, steam turbines or water turbines.

A generator is an electric machine, which converts mechanical energy into electric energy. There are direct-current (d. c.) generators and alternating current (a. c.) generators. Their construction is much alike. A d. c. generator consists of stationary and rotating elements. The stationary elements are: the yoke or the frame and the field structure. The yoke forms the closed circuit for the magnetic flux. The function of the magnetic structure is to produce the magnetic field.

The rotating elements are: true armature and the commutator. They are on the same shaft. The armature consists of the core and the winding. The winding is connected to the commutator. With the help of the brushes on the commutator that conduct the electric current to the line the winding is connected to the external circuit. The stationary element of an a. c. generator is called a stator. The rotating element is called a rotor. The essential difference between a d. c. generator and a. c. generator is that the former has a commutator by means of which the generated e. m. f. is made continuous, i. e. the commutator mechanically rectifies the alternating e. m. f. so that it is always of the same polarity.

D. c. generators are used for electrolytic processes such as electroplating. Large d. c. generators are employed in such manufacturing processes as steel making. The d. c. generator of small capacities is used for various special purposes such as arc welding, automobile generators, train lighting systems, etc. It also finds rather extensive use in connection with communication systems.

II. Give the Russian equivalents for the following English words and word combinations:

1) generator; 2) alternator; 3) steam turbine; 4) water turbine; 5) armature; 6) rotor; 7) stationary; commutator; 9) stator; 10) yoke; 11) brushes; 12) core; 13) frame; 14) winding.

III. Fill in the blanks

1. A generator is an electric machine, which a) —— mechanical energy into electrical energy.

2. A direct-current generator consists of b) —— .

3. The dynamo was invented by c) —— in 1831.

4. The d.c. generator is used for various purposes such as d) —— .

IV. Work out the plan of the text

V. Speak on the following points:

1. The construction of a generator.

2. The direct current generators and their industrial application.

UNIT 11

I. Read the text

MAIN STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS OF A D. C. MACHINE

A direct-current machine consists of two main parts, a stationary part, usually called the stator, designed mainly for producing a magnetic flux, and a rotating part, called the armature or the rotor. The stationary and rotating parts should be separated from each other by an air-gap. The stationary part of a d. c. machine consists of main poles, designed to create the main magnetic flux; commutating poles interposed between the main poles; and a frame. It should be noted here that sparkles operation of the machine would be impossible without the commutating poles. Thus, they should ensure sparkles operation of the brushes at the commutator.

The main pole consists of a laminated core the end of which facing the armature carries a pole shoe and a field coil through which direct current passes. The armature is a cylindrical body rotating in the space between the poles and comprising a slotted armature core, a winding inserted in the armature slots, a commutator, and a brush gear.

The frame is the stationary part of the machine to which are fixed the main and commutating poles and by means of which the machine is bolted to its bedplate. The ring shaped portion which serves as the path for the main and commutating pole fluxes is called the yoke. End-shields or frame-heads which carry the bearings are also attached to the frame. Of these main structural elements of the machine the yoke, the pole cores, the armature core and the air-gap between the armature core and the pole core are known to form the magnetic circuit while the pole coils, the armature windings, the commutator and brushes should form the electric circuit of the machine.

II. Translate the following phrases, using the given variants of translation:

to consist – состоять : to consist of a stationary part and a rotating part;

separated – отдельный изолированный: the stationary and rotating parts should be separated from each other by an air gap;

to serve – служить в качестве чего-либо: the ring shaped portion or yoke

serves as a path for the main and commutating pole fluxes.

III. Arrange synonyms in pairs and memorize them:

a) to consist of; to be separated from; to create; to be interposed between; to pass; to rotate;

в) to be divided with; to produce; to introduce into; to permeate; to roll; to revolve; to comprise.

IV. Write out the names of the machine parts and describe their operational characteristics

UNIT 12

I. Read the text

THE ALTERNATOR

The alternator is an electric machine for generating an alternating current by a relative motion of conductors and a magnetic field. The machine usually has a rotating field and a stationary armature. In a synchronous alternator the magnetic field is excited with a direct current. The direction of an induced e. m. f. is reversed each time when a conductor passes from a pole of one polarity to a pole at another polarity. Most machines of this type are used for lighting and power, but there are alternators with a revoking armature and a stationary field. They are used in small sizes mostly for special purposes.

Any electrical machine is reversible. When a machine is driven by a source of mechanical power, it works as a generator and delivers electrical power. If it is connected to a source of electrical power, it produces mechanical energy, and operates as a motor. The alternator may also be operated as a motor.

The a-c .generator, or alternator, does not differ in principle from the d. c. generator. The alternator consists of a field structure and an armature. The field structure is magnetized by a field winding carrying a .direct current. An electromotive force is generated in tine winding of the armature. In alternators the field is usually the rotating element and the armature is stationary. This construction has a number of advantages. Only two rings are needed with a rotating field. These rings carry only a relatively light field current, at a voltage generally of 125, and seldom exceeding 250. The insulation of such rings is not difficult. A stationary armature requires no slip rings. The leads from the armature can be continuously insulated from the armature winding to the switchboard, leaving no bare conductor. The alternator with a rotating field may be further divided into the vertical and the horizontal types.

The vertical type is usually applied for large water-wheel generators where it is desirable to mount the water turbine below the generator. The more common horizontal type is used with diesel and steam engine drive. A low speed alternator of this type is suitable for a diesel engine drive, a high speed alternator is suitable for a steam turbine drive.

II. Form nouns, denoting devices with the help of the suffix – or. Translate them

To alternate, to commute, to conduct, to generate

III. Read the text and write out the key words, characterizing the alternator

IV. Translate the following word combinations paying attention to the Participle 2

The leads from the armature can be continuously insulated from….., the vertical type of alternator applied for large water-wheel generator; alternators with a revoking armature and a stationary field used in small sizes mostly for special purposes; a machine driven by a source of mechanical power; the direction of an induced e. m. f. …

V. State 5 questions to the text

VI. Points for discussion:

1. The structure of the alternator;

2. The application of the alternator.

UNIT 13

I. Read the text

THE INDUCTION MOTOR

An induction motor like any other motor consists of a stationary part, the stator, and a rotating part, the rotor. The rotor of an induction motor is not connected electrically to the source of power supply. The currents which circulate in the rotor conductors are the result of voltage induced in the rotor in the magnetic field set up by the stator. The rotor is fitted with a set of conductors in which currants flow. As these conductors lie in the magnetic field produced by the stator, a force is exerted on the conductors and the rotor begins to revolve. The operation of the motor depends upon the production of a rotating magnetic field. The speed at which the field of an induction motor turns is called the synchronous speed of the field or of the motor.

The induction motor is the simplest of the various types of electric motors and it has found more extensive application in industry than any other type. It is made in two forms – the squirrel cage and the wound rotor, the difference being in the construction of the rotor.

The stator of the induction motor has practically the same slot and winding arrangement as the alternator and has the coils arranged to form a definite number of poles, the number of poles being a determining factor in connection with the speed at which the motor will operate. The rotor construction, however, is entirely different.

The squirrel-cage rotor is a simpler form and has been used in many machines.

Instead of coils the winding consists of heavy copper bars.

The wound-rotor type has a winding made up of well-insulated coils, mounted in groups whose end connections are brought out to fill in rings. The purpose of this winding is to provide for variation in the amount of resistance included in the rotor circuit.

Provision for ventilation is made by leaving passageways through the core and frame, through which air is forced by fan vanes mounted on the rotor. In main cases the motors now built in as an integral part of the machine it is to drive.

There being no electrical connection between the rotor circuits of the induction motor and the stator circuits, or supply line, the currents which flow in the rotor bars or windings correspond to the induced voltages, the action being similar to that of a transformer with a movable secondary. With but a single phase winding on the stator, however, the torques produced in the two halves of the rotor would be in apposition, and the motor would not start. With more than one set of windings two for a two-phase motor, three for a three-phase motor a resultant field is produced which has the effect of cutting across the rotor conductors and induces voltages in them. This field is considered to be revolving at uniform speed.

The term “revolving field” should not be taken to mean actual revolution of flux lines. The magnetic field from the coils of each phase varies in strength with changes in current value but does not move around the stator. The revolutions are those of the resultant of the three, or two, phases, as the case may be.

A motor with a single-phase winding is not self-starting but must be provided with an auxiliary device of some kind to enable the motor to develop a starting torque. The effect of the revolving field is the same as would result from actual revolution of a stator having direct-current poles. As voltages have been induced in the bars or windings of the rotor, currants start flowing as a result of these voltages, and a torque is produced which brings the motor up to speed.

II. Find in the text the English equivalents for the word combinations given below:

1) асинхронный двигатель; 2) неподвижная часть; 3) вращающаяся часть; 4) проводник; 5) одновременная скорость; 6) широкое применение; 7) паз; механизм обмотки; 9) трансформатор; 10) вращающий момент.

III. Complete the following sentences according to the contents of the text

1. The Induction Motor is …….. of electric motors and is more extensively applied in industry than any other type.

2. The purpose of this winding is …….. for variation in the amount of resistance included in the rotor circuit.

3. The effect of …. is the same as would result from actual revolution of a stator having direct-current poles.

IV. Answer the following questions:

1. What parts does the induction motor consist of?

2. What are the names of its rotating and stationary parts?

3. What does the motor operation depend on?

4. How can the difference between stator and rotor construction be explained?

5. What does the term “revolving field” mean?

V. Translate the sentences from the text paying attention to the Participle Constructions:

1. The induction motor is made in two forms – the squirrel cage and the wound rotor, the difference being in the construction of the rotor.

2. The stator of the induction motor has practically the same slot and winding arrangement as the alternator and has the coils arranged to form a definite number of poles, the number of poles being a determining factor in connection with the speed at which the motor will operate.

3. There being no electrical connection between the rotor circuits of the induction motor and the stator circuits, or supply line, the currents which flow in the rotor bars or windings correspond to the induced voltages, the action being similar to that of a transformer with a movable secondary.

VI. Discuss the following points:

1) The construction of an induction motor;

2) Induction motor operation principle.

UNIT 14

I. Read the text

TYPES OF INDUCTION MOTORS

Text 1 Single-Phase Motor

The single-phase induction motor differs from poly-phase type principally in the character of its magnetic field, as an ordinary single-phase winding will not produce a rotating field, but a field that is oscillating, and the induced currents and poles produced in the rotor by this field will tend to produce equal torque in opposite directions, therefore, the rotor cannot start to revolve. However, if the rotor can in some manner be made to rotate at a speed corresponding to the frequency of the current in the stator windings then the reaction of the stator and rotor flux is such as to produce a torque that will keep the rotor revolving.

In practice the starting of single-phase induction motors is accomplished by three general methods applicable to small-sized motors only.

First: the split-phase method, in which an auxiliary stator winding is provided for starting purposes only, this winding being displaced from the main stator winding by 90 electrical degrees. It has a higher inductance than the main stator winding, thus causing the currant in it to lag far enough behind the current in the main winding to produce a shifting or rotating field during the starting period, which exerts a starting torque on the rotor sufficient to cause rotation.

When nearly normal speed has been reached the auxiliary winding is out of circuit by a switch and clutch in the motor, which operates automatically by centrifugal force, and the rotor continues to run as a single-phase motor. The starting torque of such motions being limited, they are frequently constructed with the rotor arranged to revolve freely on the shaft at starting until nearly normal speed is reached, at which time the load is pitched up by the automatic action of a centrifugal clutch.

Second: an auxiliary winding may be connected to the single-phase line through an external inductance and a switch (for disconnecting the auxiliary winding from the circuit after the motor has reached normal speed), the introduction of the inductance in the auxiliary winding splitting the phase as before.

Text 2 Three-Phase Induction Motor

The three-phase induction motor is the most commonly used type. It has been widely used in recent years. Normally an induction motor consists of a cylindrical core (the stator) which carries the primary coils in slots on its inner periphery. The primary coils are arranged for a three-phase supply and serve to produce a revolving magnetic field. The stator encircles a cylindrical rotor carrying the secondary winding in slots on its outer periphery. The rotor winding may be one of two types: squirrel-cage and slip-ring for wound-rotor). In a squirrel-cage machine the rotor winding forms a complete closed circuit in itself. The rotor winding of a slip-ring machine is completed when the slip rings are connected either directly together or through some resistance external to the machine. The rotor shaft is coupled to the shaft of the driven mechanism.

The rotor is stationary at some instant of time. The revolving magnetic field of the stator winding cuts across the stationary rotor winding at synchronous speed and induces an e. m. f. in it. The e. m. f. will give rise to a current which sets up a magnetic field. The rotor starts rotating.

It is the interaction between the rotor current and the revolving magnetic field that has created torque and has caused the rotor to rotate in the same direction as the revolving magnetic field. Tine speed of the rotor is 98–95 per cent of the synchronous speed of the revolving magnetic field of the stator.

Hence another name for this type of motor is the asynchronous motor. As a matter of fact, the speed of the rotor cannot be equal to synchronous speed. If it were equal to the latter, the revolving magnetic field would not be able to cut the secondary conductors and there would not be any current induced in the secondary winding and no interaction between the revolving field and the rotor current, and the motor would not run.

II. Translate the sentences, paying attention to the translation of the word -one-

1. One should distinguish between single-phase and three-phase induction motors.

2. The new device is better the old one.

3. The three-phase induction motor type is the most commonly used one.

4. The rotor winding may be one of two types.

5. As a matter of fact the speed of the rotor cannot be equal to synchronous one.

III. Translate the sentences from the text paying attention to the Participle Constructions:

1. In the split-phase method an auxiliary stator winding is provided for starting purposes only, this winding being displaced from the main stator winding by 90 electrical degrees.

2. The starting torque of such motions being limited, they are frequently constructed with the rotor arranged to revolve freely on the shaft at starting until nearly normal speed is reached.

3. An auxiliary winding may be connected to the single-phase line through an external inductance and a switch, the introduction of the inductance in the auxiliary winding splitting the phase as before.

IV. Answer the following questions:

1. What way does the single-phase motor differ from the three-phase one?

2. What is the starting of single-phase induction motors accomplished by?

3. How can an auxiliary winding be connected to the single-phase line?

4. What parts does an induction motor consist of?

5. What are the two types of the rotor winding?

V. Work out the plan of the text

VI. State 5 questions to the text

UNIT 15

I. Read the text

TRANSFORMERS

One of the great advantages in the use of the alternating current is the ease with which the voltage may be changed by means of a relatively simple device known as a transformer. Although there are many different types of transformers and a great variety of different applications, the principles of action are the same in each case.

The transformer is a device for changing the electric current from one voltage to another. It is used for increasing or decreasing voltage. So the function of a transformer is to change voltage and current of an alternating system to meet requirements of the equipment used. It is known to be simple in elementary principle, and in construction that is it involves no moving parts.

Transformers change voltage through electromagnetic induction.

The principle parts of a transformer are: an iron core and, usually, two coils of insulated windings. One of them is called primary, another is called the secondary. The primary coil is connected to the source of power. The secondary coil is connected to the load. Thus, the primary is the coil to which power is supplied. The secondary is the coil from which power is taken. In scientific terms to produce an alternating magnetic flux in the iron core an alternating current must be passed through the primary coil. This flux is considered to induce electromotive force in both primary and secondary coils. The secondary coil is open – circuited. Current flows in the secondary coil when the latter is connected to the external circuit or load. The flow of current in the secondary coil tends to reduce the flux in the core. Transformers are placed inside a steel tank usually with oil to improve the insulation and also to cool the device.

II. Guess the meaning of the following international words:

1) transformer; 2) type; 3) principle; 4) electric; 5) function; 6) elementary; 7) construction; induction.

III. Translate into Russian the words and expressions from the text:

1) advantage; 2) voltage; 3) relatively simple; 4) application; 5) increase; 6) to decrease; 7) to meet requirements; moving parts; 9) iron core; 10) insulated windings; 11) load; 12) electromotive force; 13) to induce.

IV. Give the English equivalents to the words below:

1) переменный ток; 2) прибор; 3) принцип работы (действия); 4) электромагнитная индукция; 5) катушка; 6) первичная (вторичная) обмотка; 7) источник питания; магнитный поток; 9) стальной контейнер; 10) остужать.

V. State questions to the underlined words:

1. Voltage may be changed by a transformer.

2. Transformers change voltage through electromagnetic induction.

3. Transformer is used for increasing or decreasing voltage.

4. The primary winding is connected to the source of power.

5. Transformers are placed inside a steel tank.

VI. Answer the questions:

1. What kind of device is a transformer?

2. What are the functions of a transformer?

3. What are the principle parts of a transformer?

4. What is the primary coil connected to?

5. What is the secondary coil connected to?

6. What are the principles of action of a transformer?

7. Where are transformers usually placed?

VI. Topics for discussion:

1. Transformer as an electric device;

2. Main parts and principles of a transformer action.

UNIT 16

I. Read the text

TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS

There are different types of transformers. By the purpose they are classified into step-up transformers and step-down transformers. In a step-up transformer the output voltage is larger than the input voltage, because the number of turns on the secondary winding is greater than that of the primary. In a step down transformer the output voltage is less than input voltage as the number of turns on the secondary is fewer than that on the primary.

By the construction transformers are classified into core-type and shell type transformers. In the core-type transformers the primary and the secondary coils surround the core. In the shell type transformers the iron core surrounds the coils. Electrically they are equivalent. The difference is in the mechanical construction.

By the methods of cooling transformers are classified into air – cooled, oil – cooled and water – cooled transformers.

By the number of phases transformers are divided into single – phase and polyphase transformers.

Instrument transformers are of two types, current and potential.

A current transformer is an instrument transformer used for the transformation of a current at a high voltage into proportionate current at a low voltage.

Current transformers are used in conjunction with a.-c. meters or instruments where the current to be measured must be of low value. They are also used where high – voltage current has to be metered. A voltage transformer, which is also called a potential transformer, may be defined as an instrument transformer for the transformation of voltage from one value to another. This transformer is usually of a step – down type because it is used when a meter is installed for use on a high – voltage system.

Transformers operate equally well to increase the voltage and to reduce it.

The above process needs a negligible quantity of power.

Transformers are widely used in our everyday life. All radio – sets and all television sets are known to use two or more kinds of transformers. These are familiar examples showing that electronic equipment cannot do without transformers.

II. Guess the meaning of the following international words:

1) to classify; 2) method; 3) phase; 4) instrument; 5) system; 6) process; 7) radio; television.

III. Give the English equivalents for the words below:

1) цель; 2) повышающий / понижающий трансформатор; 3) выходящее / входящее напряжение; 4) число витков; 5) механическое устройство; 6) монофазные / полифазные трансформаторы; 7) высокое / низкое напряжение; определять; 9) работать; 10) незначительное количество.

IV. Translate into Russian the words and expression from the text:

1) core-type / shell-type transformers; 2) air-cooled / oil – cooled / water – cooled transformers; 3) current / potential transformers; 4) in conjunction with smth.; 5) to reduce; 6) electronic equipment.

V. Complete the sentences using the text:

1. By the purpose transformers are …

2. By the construction transformers are …

3. By the methods of cooling transformers are …

4. By the number of phases transformers are …

5. Transformers operate equally well…

6. Process of voltage changing needs…

7. Familiar examples of transformer applications are …

VI. Answer the questions:

1. What voltage is larger in a step-up transformer and why?

2. What voltage is less in a step – down transformer and why?

3. What is the construction of a core – type transformer?

4. What is the construction of a shell – type transformer?

5. What are the two types of instrument transformers?

6. What are current transformers used for?

7. What are potential transformers used for?

VI. Topics for discussion:

1. Types of transformers;

2. Use of transformers in everyday life.

UNIT 17

I. Read the text

MEASUREMENTS OF ELECTRIC VALUES

The measurement of any physical quantity applies a determination of its magnitude in terms of some appropriate unit. In the case of simple fundamental quantities such as length, mass or time, the units themselves are simple.

Electrical and magnetic quantities are, however, much less simple than length, mass or time and cannot be measured directly by comparison with a material stand. The units in which these quantities are expressed have to be defined in terms of their observable affects obtained in experimental work, e.g. the weight of silver deposited in one second by a current when it is passed through a solution of silver nitrate is a measure of the magnitude of this current.

Electrical measurements can be classified broadly as neither absolute measurements, nor secondary measurements, but the first class of such measurements is rarely undertaken.

II. Guess the meaning of the following international words:

1) physical; 2) system; 3) fundamental; 4) material; 5) experimental; 6) absolute; 7) class.

III. Give the English equivalents to the words below:

1) измерение; 2) определение; 3) соответствующая единица; 4) быть соответствующим; 5) сравнение; 6) достигать; 7) серебро; широко; 9) заботиться; 10) длина.

IV. Translate into Russian the words and expressions from the text:

1) magnitude; 2) electrical and magnetic quantities; 3) to define; 4) observable affects; 5) to deposit; 6) secondary measurements; 7) to undertake.

V. Insert the words:

1. Magnitude of any … (физическая величина) must be determined in terms of some appropriate … (единица).

2. … (единицы) are simple for simple … (основных) quantities.

3. … (электрические) and (магнитные) quantities cannot be measured simply.

4. These units must be … (определены) in terms of their … (наблюдаемые) effects obtained in… (экспериментальная работа).

5. Absolute … (измерения) are … (редко) undertaken.

VI. Answer the questions:

1. What do we need to measure any physical quantity?

2. What simple units for measuring of simple fundamental quantities do you know?

3. Can electrical and magnetic quantities be measured directly by comparison with a material stand?

4. How can we get units for defining electrical and magnetic quantities?

5. What types of measurement do you know?

VII. State questions to the underlined words:

1. Before we can measure, we must decide upon a system of units.

2. Electric and magnetic quantities are much less simple than fundamental quantities.

3. These quantities cannot be measured directly by comparison with a material stand.

4. Electrical measurements can be classified as neither absolute, nor secondary measurements. (Question-tag)

VIII. Topics for discussion:

1. Measurement of any physical quantity;

2. Measurement of electric and magnetic quantities.

UNIT 18

I. Read the text

MAIN TYPES OF AMMETERS AND VOLTMETERS

Ammeters and voltmeters are made to operate on the same principle. The two principle kinds are the moving coil and moving iron types.

The electro-magnetic effect of the current is the one chiefly made use of for measuring purposes. Moving iron instruments employ this effect. The moving- iron instrument consists of a fixed coil of wire carrying the current which magnetizes a small piece of soft iron mounted on the instrument spindle. In construction there are two varieties: the repulsion type having two pieces of iron; and the attraction type having only one.

In the attraction type of the instrument the bobbin carrying the wire is oblong instead of circular, and has only a narrow slot-shaped opening in the center.

A thin flat piece of iron, which is mounted on the instrument spindle, is sucked into this opening by magnetic attraction when the current flows. Either gravity or spring control can be used on moving-iron instruments and damping is usually by means of an air-dash-pot.

A moving-coil instrument may be compared to a miniature direct-current motor in which the armature never moves more than about a quarter of a revolution.

When a current flows through the coil of a moving-coil type ammeter, it becomes a magnet, one face being of north, and the other of south polarity.

These poles are attracted by the poles of opposite polarity of the permanent magnet, and the coil tends to turn until its axis is parallel with the line joining the pole pieces of the permanent magnet. This movement is proportional to the current flowing and is opposed by the control springs. A pointer fixed to the coils moves over a graduated scale and indicates the current flowing in amperes. The scale of this type of instrument is evenly divided, but the positive terminal must be connected to the positive terminal of the supply or the instrument tends to read backward. Such an instrument is only suitable for d. c. circuits.

Moving-coil instruments are more accurate and sensitive, but more expensive than those of moving-iron types.

II. Give the English equivalents for the following words and word combinations:

1) электромагнитный тип; 2) магнитно-электрический тип; 3) ось; 4) репульсионный тип; 5) притягивающий тип; 6) продолговатый; 7) устанавливать; втягивать; 9) воздушный успокоитель.

III. Translate into Russian:

1) purpose; 2) employ; 3) slot-shaped; 4) magnetic attraction; 5) damp; 6) revolution; 7) pole; axis; 9) pointer; 10) graduated scale.

IV. Answer the questions:

1. What are the two principle kinds of ammeters and voltmeters?

2. What is the construction of a moving iron instrument?

3. What are the two types of moving iron instrument?

4. How does a moving coil instrument work?

5. What instrument is suitable only for d.c.?

6. What instruments are more expensive and sensitive: moving coil or moving iron instruments?

V. Insert the words:

1. In the attraction type of the … (механизмы) the bobbing is … (продолговатый) instead of … (круглый).

2. A small piece of … (железо) is mounted on the instrument … (ось).

3. … (Амортизация) is usually by means of an … (воздушный успокоитель)

4. The … (якорь) never moves more than about a quarter of a … (полный оборот) in a miniature d. c. motor.

5. … (катушечный) movement is proportional to … (движение тока) and is opposed by the … (пружинный механизм).

6. … (Стрелка) indicates the … (ток) flowing in … (ампер).

7. The … (положительный) terminal must be connected to the … (положительный) terminal of the … (питание) or the … (механизм) tends to read … (наоборот).

VI. Topics for discussion:

1. Moving iron instruments;

2. Moving coil instruments.

UNIT 19

I. Read the text

ELECTRICAL MEASURING INSTRUMENTS AND UNITS

Any instrument which measures electrical values is called a meter. An ammeter measures the current in amperes. The abbreviation for the ampere is amp. A voltmeter measures the voltage and the potential difference in volts.

The current in a conductor is determined by two things – the voltage across the conductor and the resistance of the conductor. The unit by which resistance is measured is called the ohm. The resistance in practice is measured with the ohm-meter. A wattmeter measures electrical power in watts. Very delicate ammeters are often used for measuring very small currents. A meter whose scale is calibrated to read a thousandth of an ampere is called a micro ammeter or galvanometer.

Whenever an ammeter or voltmeter is connected to a circuit to measure electric current or potential difference, the ammeter must be connected in series and the voltmeter in parallel. To prevent a change in the electric current when making such an insertion, all ammeters must have a low resistance. Hence, most ammeters have a low resistance wire, called a shunt, connected across the armature coil.

A voltmeter, on the other hand, is connected across that part of the circuit for which a measurement of the potential difference is required. In order that the connection of the voltmeter to the circuit does not change tire electric current in the circuit, the voltmeter must have high resistance. If the armature coil does not have large resistance of its own, additional resistance is added in series.

The heating effect, electrostatic effect, magnetic and electromagnetic effects of electric current are used in order to produce the defleting torque. The resulting measuring instruments are called: (a) hot wire, (b) electrostatic, (c) moving iron, (d) moving coil, and (e) induction. Various types are used with both d. c. and a. c., but the permanent-magnet moving coil instrument are used only with d. c., and the induction type instruments are limited to a. c.

All, except the electrostatic type instruments, are current measuring devices, fundamentally ammeters. Consequently, most voltmeters are ammeters designed also to measure small values of current directly proportional to voltage to be measured.

II. Guess the meaning of international words:

1) instrument; 2) fact; 3) abbreviation; 4) voltmeter; 5) ohm; 6) ohmmeter; 7) wattmeter; galvanometer; 9) shunt.

III. Give the Russian equivalents to the words below:

1) resistance; 2) to offer; 3) scale; 4) to prevent; 5) armature; 6) connection; 7) heating effect.

IV. Give the English equivalents to the words and word-combinations:

1) амперметр; 2) разница потенциалов; 3) определят; 4) чувствительный; 5) градуировать; 6) вставка; 7) катушка; переменный ток (второй термин).

V. Answer the questions:

1. How are electrical values measuring instruments called?

2. How must the ammeter and the voltmeter be connected?

3. What resistance must the ammeter and the voltmeter have?

4. What resulting measuring instruments do you know?

5. What types of instruments are used with both d. c. and a. c.?

6. What instruments are used only with d. c. and limited to a. c.?

VI. Make up sentences corresponding to the contents of the text:

1. A meter                                                 the potential difference in volts

2. An ammeter                                         the resistance

3. An ohmmeter                measures                very small currents

4. A voltmeter                                                electrical values

5. A galvanometer                                         the current

1. The voltage                                         in ohms

2. The current                         is measured                 in volts

3. The resistance                                         in amperes

VII. Describe different types of measuring instruments and units, using the table in Task V

Список использованных источников

Основная литература

1. Агабекян И.П. Английский язык для бакалавров. – Изд. 2-2, стер. – Ростов н/Д : Феникс, 2012.
2. Эккерсли, К.Э. Самоучитель английского языка. – М. : Эксмо, 2011.
3. Кравцова Л.И.Английский язык для средних специальных учебных заведений. Учебник. – М. : Высшая школа, 2010.

Дополнительная литература

1. Бахчисарайцева М.Э., Каширина В.А., Антипова А.Ф. Пособие по английскому языку для старших курсов энергетических вузов. – М.: Высшая школа, 1983.
2. Иванова К.А., Английский язык для студентов-электротехников. – Ленинград, 1983.
3. Четвертакова М. М. Сборник текстов по электротехнике – Санкт-Петербург, 1999. – 48 с.

Интернет-ресурсы

1. Wikipedia, Wikibooks
2. English.language.ru
3. www.nonstopenglish.com
4. www.macmillan.ru
5. www.enhome.ru
6. www.study.ru
7. enghelp.ru