Мануал f 16c dcs

• DCS Guide — F-16CM Viper
• Disclaimer
• Table of Contents
• Part 1 — Introduction
• Part 2 — Controls Setup
• Part 3 — Cockpit & Equipment
• Part 4 — Start-Up Procedure
  • Aircraft Start-Up Summary
  • A — Provide Aircraft Power
  • B — Perform Aircraft Pre-Start Setup
  • C — Engine Start
  • D — Set Up Avionics
  • E — Perform INS Alignment
  • F — Set Up Datalink
  • G — Set Up IFF
  • H — Complete Aircraft Setup
  • I — Perform Aircraft Post-Start Checks
• Part 5 — Taxi & Takeoff
  • Taxi
  • Takeoff
• Part 6 — Landing
• Part 7 — Engine & Fuel Management
  • Powerplant
    • F110-GE-129 Engine
    • Engine Instruments & Parameters
    • Engine Limits
    • Throttle Quadrant
    • Engine Control Modes
    • Afterburner / Augmentor
    • EPU (Emergency Power Unit)
    • Engine Relight Procedures
      • Windmilling Relight
      • JFS-Assisted Relight
  • Fuel
    • Fuel System
    • Bingo Fuel
    • Flight Plan Bingo Fuel Calculation
• Part 8 — Flight & Aerodynamics
  • Aerodynamics & Aircraft Limits
  • ALOW (Altitude-Low) Advisory System
  • VMS (Voice Message System)
• Part 9 — HOTAS
• Part 10 — Radar & Sensors
  • Section Structure
  • 1 — Sensors
    • 1.1 — Introduction to Sensors
    • 1.2 — Sensors Display Selection
    • 1.3 — Sensor Master Modes
    • 1.4 — My Sensors Control Setup
  • 2 — AN/APG-68 Fire Control Radar (FCR)
    • 2.1 — Air-to-Air Radar Modes
      • 2.1.1 — A-A Radar Display & Performance
      • 2.1.2 — A-A Main Modes Overview
      • 2.1.3 — CRM (Combined Radar Mode)
        • 2.1.3.1 — RWS (Range While Search) Mode
        • 2.1.3.2 — TWS (Track While Scan) Mode
          • Introduction
          • A — Information Display
          • B — Symbology & Target Types
          • C — TWS Scanning
          • D — TWS Designation
      • 2.1.4 — SAM (Situational Awareness Mode)
      • 2.1.5 — STT (Single Target Track) & DTT (Dual Target Track) Radar Lock
        • STT (Single Target Track) Mode
        • DTT (Dual Target Track) Mode
      • 2.1.6 — ACM (Air Combat Mode) Modes
        • 2.1.6.1 — Mode Selection
        • 2.1.6.2 — Boresight (BORE) Sub-Mode
        • 2.1.6.3 — Vertical Scan Sub-Mode
        • 2.1.6.4 — HUD Scan Sub-Mode
        • 2.1.6.5 — Slewable Sub-Mode
      • 2.1.7 — EXP (Expand) Feature
      • 2.1.8 — HMCS Radar Lock
    • 2.2 — Air-to-Ground Radar Modes
      • 2.2.1 — Air-to-Ground Operating Modes
      • 2.2.2 — GM (Ground Mapping) Mode
        • Display
        • EGM (Enhanced Ground Mode) vs RBM (Real Beam Mode) Image Processing
        • Controls (GM Page)
        • How to Select A/G Ground Mapping Mode
      • 2.2.3 — Expanded Modes
        • Introduction to EXP Modes
        • 2.2.3.1 — EXP Sub-Mode
        • 2.2.3.2 — DBS1 Sub-Mode
        • 2.2.3.3 — DBS2 Sub-Mode
      • 2.2.4 — Target Designation: Fixed Target Track (FTT)
      • 2.2.5 — GMT (Ground Moving Target) Mode
        • Display
        • Controls (GMT Page)
        • Controls (GMT CNTL Page)
        • How to Track a Moving Target (GMTT)
      • 2.2.6 — BCN (Beacon) Mode
    • 2.3 — Air-to-Sea Radar Modes
      • 2.3.1 — SEA Mode
        • Display
        • Controls (SEA Page)
        • How to Track a Naval Moving Target
    • 2.4 — A-A Radar Lingo & Terminology
  • 3 — AN/AAQ-28 LITENING AT Targeting Pod
    • 3.1 — Introduction
    • 3.2 — Displays
    • 3.3 — Controls
    • 3.4 — Target Designation Clarifications
    • 3.5 — Start-Up & Lasing Procedure
    • 3.6 — Steerpoint Slaving Mode & Cursor Zero (CZ)
    • 3.7 — Snowplow Mode
    • 3.8 — Laser Spot Search (LSS) Mode
    • 3.9 — Air-to-Air Operation
      • 3.9.1 — Operation Modes
      • 3.9.2 — Point Track (Slaved from Radar)
      • 3.9.3 — Target Correlation & Other Tips
  • 4 — HMCS (Helmet-Mounted Cueing System)
    • 4.1 — Introduction
    • 4.2 — HMCS Power-Up & Alignment
    • 4.3 — HMD (Helmet-Mounted Display) Symbology
      • 4.3.1 — HMD Symbology
        • A — Basic Symbology
        • B — Radar Warning Receiver (RWR) Symbology
        • C — Datalink Symbology
        • D — Air-to-Air Symbology
        • E — Air-to-Ground Symbology
      • 4.3.2 — HMD Setup
        • A — HMCS DED Page
        • B — HMD HUD Blanking
        • C — HMD Cockpit Blanking
        • D — HMD Declutter Levels
    • 4.4 — HMCS Controls
    • 4.5 — HMCS Functions
      • 4.5.1 — Ground Target Designation
        • A — With Maverick Missiles (VIS Mode)
        • B — With JDAM/JSOW (VIS Mode)
        • C — With Markpoints (Bombs in CCIP Mode)
        • D — With Bombs (DTOS Mode)
      • 4.5.2 — Air Target Radar Lock
  • 5 — AGM-65 Maverick Air-to-Ground Missile
    • 5.1 — Displays
    • 5.2 — Controls
• Part 11 — Offence: Weapons & Armament
  • Section Structure
  • 1 — Introduction
    • 1.1 — Introduction to Weapons
    • 1.2 — Armament Overview
    • 1.3 — My Weapons Controls Setup
    • 1.4 — SMS (Stores Management Set) Page
    • 1.5 — Bomb Delivery Modes — CCIP & CCRP
  • 2 — Air-to-Ground Weapons
    • 2.1 — Unguided Bomb
      • 2.1.1 — MK-82 (CCIP)
      • 2.1.2 — MK-82AIR High Drag (Post-Designate CCIP)
      • 2.1.3 — MK-82SE Snake Eyes (CCRP with Steerpoint)
      • 2.1.4 — Mk-84 (CCRP with Targeting Pod)
      • 2.1.5 — MK-82 (DTOS with HMCS & Targeting Pod)
    • 2.2 — Cluster Munitions
      • Overview
      • 2.2.1 — CBU-87 Cluster Bomb (CCIP)
      • 2.2.2 — CBU-105 WCMD (CCRP VIS Mode)
    • 2.3 — GBU-12 Paveway II (Laser-Guided)
    • 2.4 — Rockets
    • 2.5 — M61A1 Gun (Air-to-Ground)
    • 2.6 — AGM-65 Maverick Air-to-Ground Missile
      • 2.6.1 — Introduction
      • 2.6.2 — Missile Boresighting
      • 2.6.3 — AGM-65G (Pre-Planned + Targeting Pod)
      • 2.6.4 — AGM-65D (Boresight Mode)
      • 2.6.5 — AGM-65H (Visual Mode)
      • 2.6.6 — AGM-65K (Pre-Planned + Air-to-Ground Radar)
    • 2.7 — AGM-88C HARM Anti-Radiation Missile
      • 2.7.1 — Introduction
      • 2.7.2 — ALIC (Aircraft Launcher Interface Computer) Tables
      • 2.7.3 — HAS (HARM As Sensor) Mode
      • 2.7.4 — POS (Position) Mode
        • 2.7.4.1 — PB (Pre-Briefed) Sub-Mode
        • 2.7.4.2 — RUK (Range Unknown) Sub-Mode
        • 2.7.4.3 — EOM (Equation of Motion) Sub-Mode
      • 2.7.5 — AN/ASQ-213 HTS (HARM Targeting System) Pod & HAD (HARM Attack Display)
      • 2.7.6 — Employment with HTS Pod (POS/EOM Sub-Mode)
    • 2.8 — GPS-Guided Ordnance
      • 2.8.1 — GBU-38 JDAM
        • 2.8.1.1 — Introduction
        • 2.8.1.2 — Weapon Preparation
        • 2.8.1.3 — Delivery: Pre-Planned Mode + Targeting Pod
        • 2.8.1.4 — Delivery: Visual Mode
      • 2.8.2 — AGM-154A JSOW
        • 2.8.2.1 — Introduction
        • 2.8.2.2 — Weapon Preparation
        • 2.8.2.3 — Delivery: Pre-Planned Mode + Steerpoint
        • 2.8.2.4 — Delivery: Pre-Planned Mode + Air-to-Ground Radar
  • 3 — Air-to-Air Weapons
    • 3.1 — M61A1 Gun
      • 3.1.1 — EEGS (Enhanced Envelope Gun Sight) Introduction
      • 3.1.2 — Gun with EEGS Level II (No Radar)
      • 3.1.3 — Gun with EEGS Level V (With Radar)
    • 3.2 — AIM-9M Sidewinder
      • 3.2.1 — Sidewinder Introduction
      • 3.2.2 — AIM-9M (No Radar)
      • 3.2.3 — AIM-9M (With Radar)
    • 3.3 — AIM-9X HOBS Sidewinder (HMCS)
    • 3.4 — AIM-120C AMRAAM
      • 3.4.1 — AMRAAM Introduction
      • 3.4.2 — AIM-120C (Radar, Single Target)
      • 3.4.3 — AIM-120C (Radar, Multiple Targets)
  • 4 — Ordnance Jettison
    • 4.1 — Selective Ordnance Jettison
    • 4.2 — Emergency Stores Jettison
• Part 12 — Defence: RWR & Countermeasures
  • Introduction
  • AN/ALR-56M Azimuth Indicator / Radar Warning Receiver
    • Radar Warning Receiver (RWR)
    • Threat Warning Prime (TWP) Panel
    • Target Separation
    • Threat Warning Auxiliary (TWA) Panel
    • Example of RWR Modes
    • Radar Warning Receiver Limitations
    • RWR Symbology
    • Handoff Function
  • AN/ALE-47 CMDS (Countermeasures Dispenser System)
    • Countermeasures — Chaff & Flares
    • Countermeasure Controls
    • FCD (Flare/Chaff Dispenser)
    • Countermeasure Program & Usage Tutorial
    • CMDS Page Structure
  • AN/ALQ-184 Short ECM (Electronic Countermeasure Jammer) Pod
    • Introduction
    • Controls
    • Using ECM Pod in SPJ (Self-Protection Jammer) Mode
    • Using ECM Pod in Barrage Noise Mode
• Part 13 — Datalink & IFF
  • 1 — Datalink & IFF Introduction
  • 2 — Datalink
    • 2.1 — Components Breakdown
    • 2.2 — Datalink Track File Types
    • 2.3 — HSD (Horizontal Situation Display) Symbology
    • 2.4 — FCR (Fire Control Radar) Symbology
    • 2.5 — DED (Data Entry Display) DLNK Pages
    • 2.6 — MIDS Network
      • Overview
      • Setting ID Number
    • 2.7 — Wingman Radar Lock Lines
    • 2.8 — Data Filters
      • Filters — FCR Page
      • Filters — HSD CNTL Page
    • 2.9 — Primary Datalink Track (PDLT)
    • 2.10 — Data Sharing via Datalink
      • 2.10.1 — Markpoint/Steerpoint Sharing
      • 2.10.2 — SPI (Sensor Point of Interest) Sharing
      • 2.10.3 — HTS (HARM Targeting System) Pod Radar Emitter Sharing
  • 3 — IFF (Identify Friend-or-Foe)
    • 3.1 — IFF Introduction
    • 3.2 — IFF Modes & Principles
    • 3.3 — IFF Components & Controls
    • 3.4 — Setting IFF Codes
    • 3.5 — IFF Tutorial (Mode 4)
      • SCAN Interrogation Method
      • LOS (Line of Sight) Interrogation Method
    • 3.6 — NCTR (Non-Cooperative Target Recognition)
    • 3.7 — In Conclusion
• Part 14 — Radio Tutorial
  • Radio System Overview
  • Preset Frequencies
  • AN/ARC-164 UHF Radio (COM1)
    • Components
    • Tutorial (Manual Frequency)
    • Tutorial (Preset Frequency)
  • AN/ARC-222 VHF Radio (COM2)
    • Components
    • Tutorial (Manual Frequency)
    • Tutorial (Preset Frequency)
  • UHF Radio Backup Control
    • Components
    • Tutorial (Manual Frequency)
    • Tutorial (Preset Frequency)
• Part 15 — Flight Controls & Autopilot
  • Flight Controls
    • FLCS (Flight Control System)
    • Operational Modes (Gains)
    • Flight Control Computer (FLCC)
    • FLCS Configuration Modes & Limiters
  • Autopilot
    • Autopilot Modes
    • Autopilot Limits
    • ALT HOLD Mode
    • PITCH ATT HOLD Mode
    • ROLL ATT HOLD Mode
    • HDG SEL Mode
    • STRG SEL Mode
• Part 16 — Navigation & ILS Landing
  • Navigation Section Structure
  • 1 — Navigation Introduction
  • 2 — HSD (Horizontal Situation Display)
    • HSD Main Page
    • HSD CNTL Page 1
    • HSD CNTL Page 2
    • HSD Expand Function
    • HSD & FCR Coupling
  • 3 — EHSI (Electronic Horizontal Situation Indicator)
  • 4 — Navigation Point Types
  • 5 — Steerpoints
    • 5.1 — Steerpoint Navigation
      • 5.1.1 — Steerpoint Database
      • 5.1.2 — Manual vs Auto Sequencing
      • 5.1.3 — Navigation Tutorial
      • 5.1.4 — Steerpoint Selection via HSD or FCR
    • 5.2 — How to Add Steerpoints
    • 5.3 — How to Edit Steerpoints
    • 5.4 — MGRS Coordinates Conversion
  • 6 — Markpoints
    • 6.1 — Markpoint Navigation
    • 6.2 — How to Add Markpoints
      • Overview
      • FCR (Fire Control Radar) Designated Markpoint
      • TGP (Targeting Pod) Designated Markpoint
      • HUD (Heads-Up Display) Designated Markpoints
      • HUD (Heads-Up Display) Designated Markpoint — With Helmet-Mounted Cueing System (HMCS)
      • OFLY (Overfly) Designated Markpoint
    • 6.3 — Markpoint Tips
  • 7 — Reference Points (VIP, VRP, PUP & OAP)
    • 7.1 — Introduction
    • 7.2 — VIP (Visual Initial Point)
    • 7.3 — VRP (Visual Reference Point)
    • 7.4 — PUP (Pull-Up Point)
      • VIP-TO-PUP
      • PUP-TO-VRP
    • 7.5 — OAP (Offset Aimpoint)
      • Overview
      • Programming OAPs from the ICP (Integrated Control Panel)
      • Designating OAPs from the Targeting Pod
  • 8 — TACAN Navigation
  • 9 — Bullseye
  • 10 — CRUS (Cruise) Page
    • Overview
    • TOS (Time Over Steerpoint)
    • RNG (Range)
    • HOME
    • EDR (Endurance)
  • 11 — DEST (Destination) Page
    • UTM Sub-Page
    • DIR & OA1/OA2 Sub-Pages
  • 12 — INS (Inertial Navigation System) Drift
    • 12.1 — Navigation Altitude Calibration
      • 12.1.1 — ACAL (Altitude Calibration) Page
      • 12.1.2 — Radar Altimeter Calibration Method
      • 12.1.3 — FCR (Fire Control Radar) Calibration Method
      • 12.1.4 — HUD (Heads-Up Display) Calibration Method
      • 12.1.5 — TGP (Targeting Pod) Calibration Method
    • 12.2 — Navigation Fix
      • 12.2.1 — FIX Page
      • 12.2.2 — OFLY (Overfly) Fix Method
      • 12.2.3 — FCR (Fire Control Radar) Fix Method
      • 12.2.4 — HUD (Heads-Up Display) Fix Method
      • 12.2.5 — TGP (Targeting Pod) Fix Method
  • 13 — ILS (Instrument Landing System) Tutorial
• Part 17 — Air-to-Air Refueling
• Part 18 — Other Resources

The F-16C Fighting Falcon, often called the Viper, is a single-engine multi-role fighter jet airplane. The F-16 was created by General Dynamics (now Lockheed Martin) and operated by the United States Air Force and numerous other militaries. Despite the «F» (fighter) designation, it is designed for both air-to-air and air-to-ground missions and can use an array of weapons and sensors; built into the Viper is a 20mm cannon as well as a multifunction radar. The DCS F-16C models a Block 50 aircraft with the new F110-GE-129 engine and the Common Configuration Implementation Program (CCIP) avionics upgrade.

Weapons List

Implemented

Partially or fully implemented weapons of the F-16C Viper:

• BDU-33, BDU-50LD/HD Training Bombs
• Mk-82LDGP, Mk-82AIR, Mk-84LDGP
• CBU-87 CEM, CBU-97 SFW
• 2.75” LAU-68, LAU-131 Rockets
• AIM-9L/M/P/X Sidewinder
• AIM-120B/C AMRAAM
• M61A1 20mm Cannon
• GBU-10, GBU-12
• GBU-31/A, GBU-38/B JDAM
• AGM-154A/B JSOW
• AGM-88C HARM
• AGM-65D/G/H/K Maverick

Planned

Weapons not yet implemented into the Viper:

• CBU-103, CBU-105 Cluster Bombs
• GBU-24
• BRU-57/A
• ALE-50 Towed Decoy

HOTAS

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The Fighting Falcon’s hands on throttle and stick (HOTAS) system is designed to allow the pilot to manipulate important avionics functions without releasing the hands from the throttle or control stick. This section will provide a summarized description of all HOTAS controls — detailed functionality will be described in other appropriate sections.

Control Stick

The control stick is a side-mounted stick used to manipulate the Flight Control System (FLCS), but also has numerous other HOTAS controls. The stick is mostly stationary and uses pressure sensitivity to be manipulated; it does, however, move a small physical distance to give tactile movement response to the pilot.

• Trim Switch: The Trim Switch commands pitch (up/down) and roll (left/right) trim to the FLCS.
• Display Management Switch (DMS): The Display Management Switch (DMS) is used for avionics display manipulation and to assign the Sensor of Interest.
  • Forward: Sensor of Interest assigned to HUD/HMCS
  • Aft: Sensor of Interest assigned and cycles between the left and right MPDs
  • Left: Cycles three configured quick access pages on the left MPD from right to left
  • Right: Cycles three configured quick access pages on the right MPD from left to right
• Target Management Switch (TMS): The Target Management Switch (TMS) manipulates various sensors depending on what is the Sensor of Interest.
  • Forward
    • HUD SOI: When an A/G bomb is selected, designates SPI in DTOS/EO.
    • FCR SOI: Commands SAM in RWS mode or commands BORE scan in ACM
    • TGP SOI: Commands point track
    • WPN SOI: Commands track
    • HSD SOI: Designate active waypoint
  • Aft
    • HUD/FCR/WPN SOI: Target reject
    • HSD SOI: Drop
  • Left
    • FCR SOI: Expanded data
    • TGP/WPN SOI: Toggles seeker polarity
  • Right
    • FCR SOI: Steps bugged track in TWS or commands HUD scan in ACM
    • TGP SOI: Commands area track
  • Right [long hold]
    • FCR SOI: Toggles TWS and RWS mode

Throttle

The throttle for the F-16 is mounted on the left side, thought it is not rail-mounted to the side of the fuselage as its appearance would suggest. Instead the throttle pivots on its mounted location to the panel. It has the following HOTAS controls:

• Communications Switch (Radio)
  • Forward (VHF): keys up the VHF radio on the selected frequency for talking to JTAC, ATC, and other land/sea based assets
  • Aft (UHF): keys up the UHF radio on the selected frequency for communication to air assets, such as flight members, AWACS or refueling aircraft
  • Left (Out) [short press]: Toggles on and off datalink symbology on the MPDs
  • Left (Out) [long hold]: Commands a datalink update
  • Right (In): Transmits the current air-to-ground target over datalink
• Manual Range / Uncage Switch: this switch controls the range for air-to-air guns, uncages the missiles, or zooms the TGP depending on the selected SOI and master mode
• Antenna Elevation: This dial wheel (with center detent) controls the radar antenna elevation, allowing the pilot to slew the radar up or down to adjust the radar focus accordingly
• Dogfight / Missile Override

• Speedbrake
  • Forward this position locks in place and retracts the airbrake.
  • Aft this temporary position extends the airbrake as long as the switch is held in place, keeping it there after release.
• Cursor Control / Enable — This allows for the current Sensor of Interest to be manipulated, such as the FCR Acquisition Cursor or pointing the TGP camera.
• Black-out Switch

Flight Controls & Landing Gear

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Flight Controls

The F-16C has multiple flight control surfaces for maneuvering the aircraft. It has a «fly-by-wire» (FBW) system, which, opposed to a traditional mechanical or «direct» control system, the inputs given by the cockpit controls are inputted to a computer which then decides what controls to move in order to accomplish the desired maneuver. This computerized system is called the Flight Control System (FLCS, pronounces «flickus»). The FLCS also moves surfaces as a function of the angle of attack to provide the best control.

The F-16C’s primary flight controls are:

• Stabilators: Two «stabilators» (stabilizer + elevator) located at the tail move on a single axis independently of one another to control both pitch and roll of the aircraft.
• Ailerons: Two normal ailerons located on the outer area of the wings to control roll of the aircraft. They also both droop down to add lift.
• Rudder: A single vertical rudder to control yaw.
• Leading Edge Flaps: Normal slats located on the leading (front) edge of the wings to add lift.
• Trailing Edge Flaps: Normal flaps located on the trailing (back) edge of the wings to add lift.

The control stick controls the stabilators, ailerons, and rudder and the rudder pedals control the rudder. The control stick mainly focuses on using force sensing for feedback, not to be confused for force feedback.

Speedbrake

The speedbrake is a set of four retractable flaps on the back of the aircraft on either side of the engine, used to provide drag to decelerate faster. It is activated via the speed brake switch on the throttle. There are three positions — aft is momentary, the others are permanent.

• Aft: Speedbrake will extend as long as it is held.
• Center: The speedbrake is neither retracted nor extended.
• Forward: The speed brake retracts as long as it is in this position.

Landing Gear

Nosewheel Steering

With weight off wheels, it is disengaged. It automatically engages upon there being weight on wheels. NWS is disengaged manually via the paddle switch on the stick.

Digital Systems Overview

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The F-16’s avionics are interfaced with via two Multifunction Displays (MFDs), the Upfront Controls consisting of the Integrated Control Panel (ICP) the Data Entry Display (DED), and the head-up display (HUD)/helmet mounted cueing system (HMCS). The hands on throttle and stick (HOTAS) system of the aircraft is also used for manipulating these systems, which is detailed in its own section and the sections relevant to specific HOTAS uses.

Sensor of Interest

In the F-16, either the HUD/HMCS, the left MFD, or the right MFD is the designated Sensor of Interest, or «SOI.» The SOI is used to dictate what HOTAS buttons do what function. The SOI is changed via the Display Management Switch (DMS) on the stick — forward will assign SOI to the HUD/HMCS while aft will cycle SOI between the left and right MFDs. If an MFD is SOI, a white border around it is displayed. If the HUD is SOI, an asterisk is put in the upper left corner.

Multifunction Displays

The F-16 has two Multifunction Displays (MFDs) on the left and right sides of the cockpit: each has 5 option select buttons (OSBs) on all four sides. The MFDs can display various software pages to manipulate the aircraft’s avionics. Up to three pages per MFD can be selected on either MFD for quick access via pushbutton or HOTAS. These three pages always occupy the bottom center three pushbutton areas. In addition to these, a universal declutter (DCLT) button is provided, which will declutter the symbology depending on the page, and a SWAP button, which simply swaps the two MFD’s quick access pages and selected page.

Selecting any of the three pushbuttons once they have already been selected prompts the main page menu. Any page can then be selected and will be filled at that pushbutton. That page can then be selected by either pressing the corresponding pushbutton or using the Display Management Switch (DMS) on the stick, and it will be highlighted. TMS LEFT and RIGHT respectively cycle the three quick access pages on the left/right MFDs in an outward fashion.

HUD

HMCS

UFC

ICP

DED

Air-to-Air Radar

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The F-16C is equipped with the AN/APG-68 pulse Doppler radar. This section will cover its air-to-air (A/A) functionality for surveillance of aircraft and to provide A/A weapon systems guidance in engaging aerial targets. The A/A radar is accessed from the Fire Control Radar (FCR) page. This section will provide an overview of the Fire Control Radar page in Combined Radar Mode (CRM) and Air Combat Maneuvering (ACM) mode; these are the two air-to-air main modes of the FCR.

Trackfiles

The F-16 avionics display most radar target data as «trackfiles» — single objects in the air the computer determines to exist based on the return of one or more raw radar contacts. Trackfiles are displayed in Track While Scan and Single Target Track, and the designated target in the RWS Situational Awareness Mode (SAM) also displays as a trackfile.

Trackfiles are represented by a triangle symbol, with a stem coming out of one corner of the trackfile to indicate its track (velocity) across the ground. Underneath the trackfile is displayed its altitude in thousands of feet.

FCR Page Overview

The Fire Control Radar page is presented in an azimuth over range format with the aircraft at the bottom center of the display. The range axis is displayed in a vertical format, where higher range is higher on the physical MFD screen. Azimuth is horizontal, where something at the center of the display is directly in front of the ownship aircraft, and accordingly left/right of it when left/right of the display center.

1. Radar Mode — This option allows for the selection of the A/A Combined Radar Mode (CRM) or Air Combat Maneuvering (ACM) mode, as well as any of the A/G radar modes (which is not covered in this section).
2. Sub-mode — In CRM, this toggles between the Range While Search (RWS) and Track While Scan (TWS) modes. In ACM, this toggles between the Boresight (BORE), 10° x 60° (60), and 30°x 20° (20) modes. These may alternatively be selected with the HOTAS: TMS right (long) will toggle between RWS/TWS in CRM, while in ACM TMS forward commands BORE, down commands 60, and right commands 20.
3. Expand View — This toggles the Normal/Expand view. With Expand view activated, the display is zoomed in on the Acquisition Cursor. A box indicates the region of the Expand view relative to the regular display scale. Expand can be toggled with the Pinky Switch.
4. Not yet implemented.
5. Not yet implemented.
6. Not yet implemented.
7. Azimuth Caret — This vertical «T» shaped indication indicates the current location of the radar antenna with respect to azimuth (left/right) of the aircraft. The tick marks each indicate 10° azimuth, with the center tick being 0° (60° left/right is the physical maximum).
8. Elevation Caret — This horizontal «T» shape indicates the current vertical elevation of the radar with respect to the horizon. The radar elevation is always stabilized to the horizon. The elevation is shifted up and down via the Antenna Elevation Knob on the throttle and may also change automatically as a result of the bar setting. Each blue tick mark indicates 10° above or below the horizon, with the middle tick being the horizon.
9. Bullseye Information — This arrow indicates the bearing from the aircraft to the bullseye. The number within indicates the bearing to the bullseye.
10. Not yet implemented.
11. Bar Setting — The radar antenna may automatically change position after each azimuth sweep to scan multiple elevations or «bars.» The bar number corresponds to the number of different elevations scanned. The first bar is always the manually set elevation with the Antenna Elevation Knob, while the second and fourth bars are automatic and based off the manual setting of the first bar.
12. Azimuth Setting — The radar horizontal azimuth setting is set here. The number displayed is the left/right azimuth (i.e. half of the total) in tens of degrees (6=60°, total 120°). The azimuth may be set to 10°, 30°, or 60°.
13. Range Scale — The scale of the FCR page may be set with these two arrows. The number represents the maximum range it displays in nautical miles. This setting is only what the page displays; the radar will always scan to the farthest distance possible. The available options are 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 nautical miles.
14. Acquisition Cursor — This is a cursor controlled with the Cursor/Enable Switch on the throttle, used for acquiring tracks and contacts into either Single Target Track or Situational Awareness Mode. Two numbers are displayed to the right indicating the maximum and minimum altitudes in thousands of feet the radar can see at the point the cursor is placed; this naturally changes with the elevation/bar setting.
15. Horizon Line — This line is always aligned with the horizon and indicates the pitch and roll of the aircraft.
16. Steerpoint — The current steerpoint is indicated by this «wedding cake» shape.
17. Scan Limit Lines — When the scan azimuth is, under any circumstance except Single Target Track, less than 60° two blue lines indicate the area covered with the current azimuth setting. The azimuth center is centered on the Acquisition Cursor except in RWS SAM or TWS with a bugged track.

CRM Submodes

Range While Search (RWS)

Range While Search (RWS) provides the largest scan volume selection available and is designed for surveillance of a large area. With its Situational Awareness Mode (SAM), it also allows for weapons guidance.

1. Raw Contacts — «Raw» radar contacts are displayed as hollow squares. As a contact ‘ages’ (the time passed since it has been swept over by the antenna), it visually fades and will eventually disappear. These are the raw returns of the radar, and as such multiple raw contacts may be a single aerial target.

Situational Awareness Mode (SAM)

Situational Awareness Mode (SAM) is a Range While Search function which allows for a contact to be designated, which will then center the scan azimuth on it and display it as a trackfile as opposed to a raw contact. Weapon guidance is available in SAM mode on the designated trackfile; as the radar continues to scan it will continue to display other raw contacts.

SAM is entered by slewing the Acquisition Cursor over a contact and pressing TMS forward. The cursor is then slaved onto the trackfile. Normal RWS can be returned to via TMS aft.

Track While Scan (TWS)

Not yet implemented.

ACM Submodes

Single Target Track (STT)

WIP.

A/A Radar HUD Indications

WIP.

Air-to-Air Weapons

The F-16C Viper carries a variety of Air-to-Air weapons that are mainly missiles. These weapons are to be included as these categories.

AIM-120 AMRAAM

WIP.

AIM-9 Sidewinder

WIP.

Air-to-Air Gun

WIP.

Air-to-Ground Weapons

WIP.

When aircrews undertake a mission, their aircraft’s RWR system provides them with vital and timely information about potential threats from the ground and air. The primary function of the RWR is to detect potentially hostile radars, providing pilots and crews enhanced situational awareness and improved survivability. Another name for the RWR is the azimuth indicator (direction display device) detects and displays radar waves.

The solid state ALR-56 is based on a digitally-controlled dual channel receiver that scans from 6-20 GHz, while changes in the threat can be accommodated by software modifications.

Functionality

ALR-56M RWR Scope Panel

Each symbol shown on the display has three states:

• If the symbol is not circled, the radar is operating in Acquisition or Search mode. A new threat tone sounds when a new radiation is detected.
• If the symbol is circled, the radar is tracking or locking onto your aircraft. A radar lock tone will sound if it was due to fire control radar.
• If the symbol is surrounded by a blinking circle, that radar is guiding missiles that fire at you. If it was a radar-guided missile, a missile launch tone will play and his LAUNCH light on the left will light up.

«Missile Launch»

The position of the radar emitter shown on the display does not necessarily indicate its distance from your aircraft. The distance from the center of the display to the threat icon represents the strength of the radar signal. An icon closer to the center generally indicates that the radar is closer to you. The system will play a status change tone each time a new threat icon appears. Different alarm sounds when switching to certain threat or lethal threat modes.

Another example is that the RWR can detect the change in frequency when an enemy radar goes into STT mode, even if it’s not directly at your own jet, as long as you’re within the radar cone. If a symbol has a flashing circle around it, it indicates that the radar is supporting a missile that has been launched at you. When being launched on by a radar-guided missile, you will hear a missile launch tone and the LAUNCH light to the left will illuminate.

Keep in mind SAM and DTT aren’t exactly STT locks, they’re more like TWS with certain tracks given higher priority. How an RWR classifies and prioritizes threats is still unknown — due to this functionality being classified, we can only make assumptions in this regard. There can be frequency sweep changes in different modes, and the RWR can tell if the threat radar is emitting in HPRF or MPRF too. Exactly how all of this information is used to determine when a pilot gets an elevated warning about a specific threat we can only guess at.

When its all said and done, another way to look at the RWR launch warning is as a sem-active radar homing SAM, a launch warning is given when a guidance uplink signal is detected (indicating that the SAM is being guided by the SAM’s fire control radar system). An aircraft’s RWR might also give a launch warning when a SAM radar switches to a different «mode». Some missile systems switch to a different radar frequency to guide missiles onto target — maybe a higher pulse repetition frequency.

Threat Warning Aux Panel

System Hardware

The ALR-56M includes a fast scanning superhet receiver, superhet controller, analysis processor, low band receiver/power supply, and four quadrant receivers. The ALR-56M is designed to provide improved performance in a dense signal environment and improved detection of modern threat signals, as compared to the version of the ALR-69 which it replaced.

The ALR-56M is the RWR chosen for integration into the open architecture Defensive System Upgrade Program (DSUP) also part of the B-1B bomber Conventional Mission Upgrade Program.

Symbiology

Visit our Wiki Public Threat Guide for more threat data and ALIC tables: https://www.v303rdfightergroup.com/index.php?categories/public-threat-guide.76/