(в ред. Федерального закона от 30.06.2003 N 86-ФЗ)
Федеральная служба безопасности — единая централизованная система органов федеральной службы безопасности, осуществляющая решение в пределах своих полномочий задач по обеспечению безопасности Российской Федерации.
(в ред. Федерального закона от 07.03.2005 N 15-ФЗ)
Руководство деятельностью федеральной службы безопасности осуществляется Президентом Российской Федерации.
Управление федеральной службой безопасности осуществляется руководителем федерального органа исполнительной власти в области обеспечения безопасности через указанный федеральный орган исполнительной власти и его территориальные органы. Руководитель федерального органа исполнительной власти в области обеспечения безопасности назначается на должность Президентом Российской Федерации после консультаций с Советом Федерации Федерального Собрания Российской Федерации (далее — Совет Федерации) и освобождается от должности Президентом Российской Федерации.
(часть третья в ред. Федерального закона от 09.11.2020 N 366-ФЗ)
(см. текст в предыдущей редакции)
Президент Российской Федерации вносит в Совет Федерации представление по кандидатуре руководителя федерального органа исполнительной власти в области обеспечения безопасности и другие материалы, характеризующие представляемую кандидатуру.
(часть четвертая введена Федеральным законом от 09.11.2020 N 366-ФЗ)
Совет Федерации не позднее недельного срока со дня получения представления и других материалов, указанных в части четвертой настоящей статьи, информирует в письменной форме Президента Российской Федерации о результатах рассмотрения представленной кандидатуры.
(часть пятая введена Федеральным законом от 09.11.2020 N 366-ФЗ)
Федеральная служба безопасности Российской Федерации | |
---|---|
ФСБ России | |
Страна | Россия |
Создана | 3 апреля 1995 года |
Юрисдикция | Президент Российской Федерации |
Штаб-квартира | Москва, Лубянская площадь, д. 2 |
Бюджет | засекречено |
Средняя численность | засекречено |
Предшественник | Федеральная служба контрразведки |
Руководство | |
Директор ФСБ | генерал армии А. В. Бортников |
Заместитель |
генерал армии В. Г. Кулишов; генерал армии С. М. Смирнов; генерал-полковник А. Н. Купряжкин; генерал-полковник И. Г. Сироткин. |
Сайт | fsb.ru |
Медиафайлы на Викискладе |
Федера́льная слу́жба безопа́сности Росси́йской Федера́ции (ФСБ России) — федеральный орган исполнительной власти Российской Федерации, спецслужба, осуществляющая в пределах своих полномочий решение задач по обеспечению безопасности Российской Федерации[1].
Наделена правом ведения предварительного следствия и дознания, оперативно-розыскной и разведывательной деятельности. В ФСБ России предусмотрена военная, правоохранительная и федеральная гражданская государственная служба. Относится к государственным военизированным организациям, которые имеют право приобретать боевое, ручное, стрелковое и иное оружие[2].
Руководство деятельностью ФСБ России осуществляется Президентом Российской Федерации[1].
Содержание
- 1 История
- 2 Направления деятельности
- 2.1 Контрразведывательная деятельность
- 2.2 Борьба с преступностью и терроризмом
- 2.3 Разведка
- 2.4 Пограничная деятельность
- 2.5 Обеспечение информационной безопасности
- 2.6 Кадровый состав
- 3 Краткая структура органов ФСБ России
- 4 Руководство ФСБ России
- 5 Оценка численности состава
- 6 Код номерных знаков
- 7 Реакция и оценки на создание Росгвардии
- 8 Похожие спецслужбы
- 9 См. также
- 10 Примечания
- 11 Литература
- 12 Ссылки
История[править | править код]
3 апреля 1995 года Президент Российской Федерации Борис Ельцин подписал Федеральный закон «Об органах федеральной службы безопасности в Российской Федерации», вступивший в силу 10 апреля 1995 года со дня его официального опубликования в Собрании законодательства Российской Федерации[3]. В соответствии с ним, Федеральная служба контрразведки Российской Федерации была переименована[4] в Федеральную службу безопасности Российской Федерации, при этом не проводилось организационно-штатных мероприятий, сотрудники службы (включая директора и его заместителей) оставались на своих должностях без переназначений и переаттестаций. 23 июня 1995 года соответствующие изменения «задним числом» были внесены в структуру федеральных органов исполнительной власти[5]. Этим же указом были утверждены положение о службе и структуре её центрального аппарата, повторявшей структуру ФСК России за некоторыми исключениями (воссоздано следственное управление, появилось управление специальных операций, а секретариат преобразован в управление делами).
Указом Президента Российской Федерации № 1280 от 20 декабря 1995 года «Об установлении Дня работника органов безопасности Российской Федерации» был установлен профессиональный праздник — День работника органов безопасности Российской Федерации, который отмечается 20 декабря — в этот день 1917 года была создана ВЧК[6].
14 августа 1996 года официальное наименование службы было изменено с «Федеральная служба безопасности Российской Федерации» на «Федеральная служба безопасности России». 9 сентября 1996 года переименование было отменено.
В мае 1997 года была произведена крупная реорганизация центрального аппарата: из 22-х управлений осталось 5, остальные сгруппированы в 5 департаментов[7].
11 марта 2003 года Президент Российской Федерации В. В. Путин своим указом передал функции Федеральной пограничной службы Российской Федерации и часть функций Федерального агентства правительственной связи и информации при Президенте Российской Федерации в ведение ФСБ России.
В июле 2004 года произведена следующая крупная реорганизация центрального аппарата: вместо департаментов созданы службы Федеральной службы безопасности, количество заместителей директора уменьшено с двенадцати до четырёх (включая двух первых)[8].
28 августа 2006 года Президент Российской Федерации В. В. Путин своим указом изменил форму сотрудников с оливковой (общевойсковой) на иссиня-черную[9].
31 июля 2014 года Председатель Правительства Российской Федерации Дмитрий Медведев подписал постановление правительства № 743, по которому соцсети, форумы и любые сайты для общения, доступные всем пользователям интернета должны подключать оборудование и ПО для силовиков согласно плану мероприятий, разработанных ФСБ России. С помощью этого спецслужбы смогут в автоматическом режиме получать информацию о действиях пользователей этих сайтов, схема работает аналогично СОРМ. При этом представители интернет-отрасли не были ознакомлены с итоговым текстом закона, также не известно за чей счёт будет устанавливаться оборудование[10].
Направления деятельности[править | править код]
В соответствии со статьёй 8 Федерального закона от 3 апреля 1995 г. № 40-ФЗ «О федеральной службе безопасности»[1], деятельность органов ФСБ России осуществляется по следующим основным направлениям:
- контрразведывательная деятельность;
- борьба с терроризмом;
- борьба с особо опасными формами преступности;
- разведывательная деятельность;
- пограничная деятельность;
- обеспечение информационной безопасности.
Иные направления деятельности органов ФСБ России определяются федеральным законодательством:
- борьба с коррупцией[11].
Права и обязанности Федеральной службы безопасности Российской Федерации установлены статьями 12 и 13 федерального закона «О федеральной службе безопасности» № 40-ФЗ[1].
Контрразведывательная деятельность[править | править код]
Контрразведывательная деятельность — деятельность органов ФСБ России в пределах своих полномочий по выявлению, предупреждению, пресечению разведывательной и иной деятельности специальных служб и организаций иностранных государств, а также отдельных лиц, направленной на нанесение ущерба безопасности Российской Федерации[1].
В состав Службы контрразведки ФСБ России входит Департамент контрразведывательных операций (ДКРО ФСБ) России, имеющий в своем составе специальное подразделение, занимающееся исключительно борьбой с ЦРУ США. О подразделении стало известно после раскрытия агента ЦРУ США Райана Фогла.
Выступая на расширенной коллегии ФСБ 6 марта 2019 года, Владимир Путин отметил, что только в 2018 году органами контрразведки была пресечена деятельность 129 кадровых сотрудников и 465 агентов иностранных спецслужб. «Мы видим, что зарубежные разведки стремятся наращивать свою активность на российском направлении, всеми путями ищут доступ к сведениям политического, экономического, научного, технологического характера», — отметил Путин[12].
Борьба с преступностью и терроризмом[править | править код]
Сотрудники спецподразделения ФСБ России в аэропорту Домодедово после теракта 2011 года
Органы ФСБ России в соответствии с законодательством Российской Федерации осуществляют оперативно-розыскные мероприятия по выявлению, предупреждению, пресечению и раскрытию шпионажа, террористической деятельности, организованной преступности, коррупции, незаконного оборота оружия и наркотических средств, контрабанды и других преступлений, дознание и предварительное следствие по которым отнесены законом к их ведению, а также по выявлению, предупреждению, пресечению и раскрытию деятельности незаконных вооружённых формирований, преступных групп, отдельных лиц и общественных объединений, ставящих своей целью насильственное изменение конституционного строя Российской Федерации[1]. На органы ФСБ России нормативными правовыми актами федеральных органов государственной власти могут возлагаться и другие задачи в сфере борьбы с преступностью[1].
Разведка[править | править код]
Разведка — деятельность органов ФСБ России в пределах Российской Федерации по добыче, доставке и обработке секретной информации, связанной с организованными преступными и террористическими группировками. Разведывательная деятельность за пределами РФ осуществляется органом внешней разведки — СВР России в соответствии с Федеральным законом Российской Федерации «О внешней разведке»[1].
Пограничная деятельность[править | править код]
Направлениями пограничной деятельности являются[1]:
- защита и охрана Государственной границы Российской Федерации в целях недопущения противоправного изменения прохождения Государственной границы Российской Федерации, обеспечения соблюдения физическими и юридическими лицами режима Государственной границы Российской Федерации, пограничного режима и режима в пунктах пропуска через Государственную границу Российской Федерации;
- защита и охрана экономических и иных законных интересов Российской Федерации в пределах приграничной территории, охрана морских биологических ресурсов в пределах исключительной экономической зоны и континентального шельфа Российской Федерации, а также охрана за пределами исключительной экономической зоны Российской Федерации запасов анадромных видов рыб, образующихся в реках Российской Федерации, трансграничных и далеко мигрирующих видов рыб в соответствии с международными договорами Российской Федерации и (или) законодательством Российской Федерации.
Обеспечение информационной безопасности[править | править код]
Обеспечение информационной безопасности — деятельность органов ФСБ России, осуществляемая ими в пределах своих полномочий[1]:
- при формировании и реализации государственной и научно-технической политики в области обеспечения информационной безопасности, в том числе с использованием инженерно-технических и криптографических средств;
- при обеспечении криптографическими и инженерно-техническими методами безопасности информационно-телекоммуникационных систем, а также систем шифрованной, засекреченной и иных видов специальной связи в России и её учреждениях, находящихся за пределами России.
- лицензирование и сертификация отдельных видов деятельности, предусматривающих допуск к государственной тайне Российской Федерации.
Кадровый состав[править | править код]
Органы ФСБ России комплектуются сотрудниками (в том числе и на конкурсной основе), и состоят из военнослужащих и гражданского персонала. Причём военнослужащие, за исключением Пограничной службы, комплектуются преимущественно из офицерского состава.
Краткая структура органов ФСБ России[править | править код]
К органам Федеральной службы безопасности Российской Федерации относятся[1]:
- Аппарат Национального антитеррористического комитета (НАК);
- Служба контрразведки (СКР):
- Департамент военной контрразведки (ДВК),
- Департамент контрразведывательных операций (ДКРО),
- Управление координации и анализа контрразведывательной деятельности (УКАКРД),
- Управление информационного обеспечения оперативно-розыскной деятельности (УИООРД),
- Управление специальных мероприятий (УСМ);
- Центр информационной безопасности (ЦИБ);
- Служба по защите конституционного строя и борьбе с терроризмом (2-я служба)[13]:
- Управление по противодействию терроризму и политическому экстремизму (УПТПЭ),
- Управление по борьбе с международным терроризмом (УБМТ),
- Организационно-оперативное управление (ООУ),
- Оперативно-розыскное управление (ОРУ),
- Центр специального назначения ФСБ России (ЦСН):
- Управление «А» («Альфа»),
- Управление «В» («Вымпел»),
- Управление «С» (Управление Специальных операций — УСО);
- Управление «К» (Кавказ, ранее — Служба специального назначения по г. Ессентуки (СН));
- 2-я служба «СН» ЦСН ФСБ России (Крым);
- Служба вооружения (СВ).
- Служба экономической безопасности (СЭБ):
- управления по контрразведывательному обеспечению предприятий промышленности («П»), транспорта («Т»), кредитно-финансовой системы («К»), МВД России, МЧС России, Минюста России («М»), по борьбе с контрабандой и незаконным оборотом наркотиков («Н»);
- Служба оперативной информации и международных связей (СОИМС);
- Служба организационно-кадровой работы (СОКР);
- Служба обеспечения деятельности (СОД);
- Управление собственной безопасности (УСБ);
- Пограничная служба (ПС):
- пограничные органы:
- региональные пограничные управления ФСБ России, пограничные управления по субъектам Российской Федерации (по направлениям), службы пограничного контроля ФСБ России, и т. д.,
- отделы (отделения, группы) охраны государственной границы, отделы (отделения, группы) мобильных действий, отделы (отделения, группы) дознания и административной практики, оперативные отделы (отделения, группы), и т. д.,
- отделы (отделения, группы) береговой охраны, государственные морские инспекции органов охраны морских биологических ресурсов ФСБ России, и т. д.;
- пограничные органы:
- Научно-техническая служба (НТС);
- Контрольная служба (КС);
- Следственное управление (СУ);
- Управление регистрации и архивных фондов (УРАФ);
- Управления, центры, подразделения:
- управления (отделы) ФСБ России по отдельным регионам и субъектам Российской Федерации (территориальные органы безопасности),
- другие управления (отделы) ФСБ России, осуществляющие отдельные полномочия данного органа или обеспечивающие деятельность органов ФСБ России (другие органы безопасности),
- авиационные, железнодорожные, автотранспортные формирования, центры специальной подготовки, подразделения специального назначения, предприятия, образовательные учреждения, научно-исследовательские, экспертные, судебно-экспертные, военно-медицинские и военно-строительные формирования, санатории и иные учреждения или подразделения, предназначенные для обеспечения деятельности федеральной службы безопасности.
Руководство ФСБ России[править | править код]
Директор:
- Бортников Александр Васильевич, генерал армии.
Заместители директора:
- Действующие
- Кулишов Владимир Григорьевич — Первый заместитель директора — руководитель Пограничной службы ФСБ России, генерал армии;
- Смирнов Сергей Михайлович — Первый заместитель директора, генерал армии;
- Купряжкин Александр Николаевич — статс-секретарь — заместитель директора (с 2018), генерал-полковник;
- Сироткин Игорь Геннадьевич — руководитель аппарата Национального антитеррористического комитета, генерал-полковник.
- Бывшие
- Шальков Дмитрий Владиславович — статс-секретарь (2015—2018), генерал-полковник юстиции;
- Зиничев Евгений Николаевич (7 октября 2016 — 18 мая 2018), генерал-лейтенант.
Оценка численности состава[править | править код]
Личный состав сотрудников, в том числе государственных-гражданских служащих органов ФСБ России, является государственной тайной.[14]
По оценкам German Federal Office for the Protection of the Constitution[15] в ФСБ работает около 350000 человек. Из них 66 200 военнослужащих, в том числе около 4000 военнослужащих спецназа ФСБ (Альфа, Вымпел и другие группы). В нем также работают сотрудники пограничной службы из примерно 160 000–200 000 пограничников[16].
Код номерных знаков[править | править код]
Код номерных знаков транспортных средств ФСБ России — 10[17].
Пограничной Службы ФСБ России — 12[17].
Реакция и оценки на создание Росгвардии[править | править код]
5 апреля 2016 года пресс-секретарь Президента России Владимира Путина, Дмитрий Песков заявил, что создание Войск национальной гвардии, которые заменят Внутренние войска МВД России, не связано с кризисом доверия к другим силовым структурам[18].
В этот же день глава московского профсоюза сотрудников полиции Михаил Пашкин отметил, что функции Национальной гвардии будут частично совпадать с функциями ФСБ России, в частности, в задачах по борьбе с терроризмом. Генерал-майор в отставке ФСБ России Василий Ерёменко предположил, что Национальная гвардия, в отличие от ФСБ России, будет проводить крупные контртеррористические операции внутри страны[19].
Американская разведывательно-аналитическая компания «Stratfor» расценила создание Национальной гвардии как попытку президента Владимира Путина обезопасить себя от возможной нелояльности других силовых ведомств, в том числе вооружённых сил, «в случае государственного переворота»[20].
Похожие спецслужбы[править | править код]
См. также[править | править код]
- Центр специального назначения ФСБ России
- Альфа (спецподразделение)
- Вымпел (спецподразделение)
- Центр информационной безопасности ФСБ России
- День сотрудника органов следствия Российской Федерации;
- Награды Федеральной службы безопасности Российской Федерации;
- День работника органов безопасности Российской Федерации;
- Чекист;
- Комитет государственной безопасности СССР
Примечания[править | править код]
- ↑ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Федеральный закон «О Федеральной службе безопасности»
- ↑ Федеральный закон от 13 ноября 1996 г. № 150-ФЗ «Об оружии».
- ↑ Федеральный закон от 3 апреля 1995 года № 40-ФЗ. «Об органах федеральной службы безопасности в Российской Федерации». Вып. № 15 от 10 апреля 1995 года, ст. 1269. Собрание законодательства Российской Федерации. Дата обращения 22 февраля 2018.
- ↑ Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 23 июня 1995 № 633 «О первоочередных мерах по реализации Федерального закона „Об органах федеральной службы безопасности в Российской Федерации“». (недоступная ссылка). Дата обращения 21 августа 2013. Архивировано 4 октября 2013 года.
- ↑ Указ Президента России № 633 от 23 июня 1995 г. «О первоочередных мерах по реализации Федерального закона „Об органах федеральной службы безопасности в Российской Федерации“».
- ↑ ТАСС: День работника органов безопасности РФ. Досье.
- ↑ Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 22 мая 1997 года № 515 «О структуре Федеральной службы безопасности Российской Федерации».
- ↑ Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 11 июля 2004 года № 870 «Вопросы Федеральной службы безопасности Российской Федерации».
- ↑ Указ Президента РФ от 28 августа 2006 г. № 921 “О внесении изменений в Указ Президента Российской Федерации от 8 мая 2005 г. № 531 О военной форме одежды, знаках различия военнослужащих и ведомственных знаках отличия. Дата обращения 30 декабря 2016.
- ↑ Медведев обязал соцсети подключить ФСБ к «прослушке» пользователей.
- ↑ Владимир Путин призвал ФСБ активизировать борьбу с коррупцией. Российская газета. Дата обращения 10 апреля 2014.
- ↑ Контрразведка РФ за год разоблачила почти 600 шпионов. Interfax.ru (6 марта 2019). Дата обращения 11 марта 2019.
- ↑ Поиск по ОГРН/ИНН или наименованию юр. лица. ФГКУ «2 служба ФСБ России» (ОГРН 1087746220209). Сведения о государственной регистрации юридических лиц, индивидуальных предпринимателей, крестьянских (фермерских) хозяйств. Федеральная налоговая служба. — Egrul.nalog.ru. Дата обращения 13 марта 2018.
- ↑ Федеральный закон от 3 апреля 1995 г. N 40-ФЗ «О федеральной службе безопасности»
- ↑ Bettina Renz, ‘The Russian Force Structures’, Russian Analytical Digest, No. 17, 20 March 2007, p. 6.
- ↑ Sakwa, Richard. Russian Politics and Society. — 4th. — P. 98.
- ↑ 1 2 Коды номерных знаков транспортных средств вооружённых сил России.
- ↑ Ольга Надыкто, Полина Химшиашвили. Кремль отказался считать создание Нацгвардии кризисом доверия к силовикам. РБК // rbc.ru (5 апреля 2016 года). Дата обращения 6 апреля 2016.
- ↑ Илья Рождественский, Анастасия Михайлова, Фарида Рустамова, Елизавета Сурначева, Максим Гликин. Армия Золотова: зачем и каким образом создаётся Национальная гвардия. РБК // rbc.ru (5 апреля 2016 года). Дата обращения 6 апреля 2016.
- ↑ Владислав Гордеев. Stratfor назвал Нацгвардию страховкой Путина на случай госпереворота. РБК // rbc.ru (6 апреля 2016 года). Дата обращения 6 апреля 2016.
Литература[править | править код]
- Дегтярёв К., Колпакиди А. И. СМЕРШ. — М.: Яуза, Эксмо, 2009. — С. 645—705. — 736 с. — (Энциклопедия спецслужб). — 4000 экз. — ISBN 978-5-699-36775-7.
- Елизаров А. Контрразведка. ФСБ против ведущих разведок мира. — М.: Гелиос, 2000. — 288 с. — (Профессиональные секреты спецслужб). — ISBN 5-8189-0008-8.
- Качалов В. И., Качалова О. В. Правоохранительные органы: курс лекций в схемах и комментариях. — 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. — Волтерс Клувер (англ.)русск., 2010. — 304 с. — ISBN 978-5-466-00514-1.
- Кожевникова Г. В. ФСБ России: от Лубянки до Камчатки: структурно-биографический справочник. — М.: Панорама, 2003. — 94 с.
- Мезинов Д. А. Тема 15. Федеральная служба безопасности РФ // Правоохранительные органы: учебник / отв. ред. С. Л. Лонь. — 4-е изд., испр.. — Томск: Изд-во НТЛ, 2011. — С. 314—323. — 552 с. — 1500 экз. — ISBN 978-5-89503-426-2.
- Солдатов А. А., Бороган И. П. Новое дворянство. Очерки истории ФСБ (англ.)русск. / Пер. О. Литвинова. — М.: Юнайтед Пресс. — 304 с. — 5000 экз. — ISBN 978-5-4295-0023-2.)
- Тайное становится явным: ЦОС ФСБ уполномочен заявить. — М.: Гелеос, ЛГ Информэйшн Груп, АСТ, 2000. — 366 с. — (Профессиональные секреты спецслужб). — 10 000 экз. — ISBN 5-8189-0021-5, ISBN 5-237-06155-9.
Ссылки[править | править код]
- Структура ФСБ России на сайте Agentura.Ru.
- Как растет бюджет российских спецслужб // Agentura.Ru.
- Отчет ФСБ за 2011 год и критика Медведева // Agentura.Ru.
- ФСБ России на сайте Razvedinfo.ru.
- Историческая справка (1998 год) на сайте politika.su.
- Символика Федеральной службы безопасности России. Знаки, награды, памятные медали.
- Условия правомерности применения оружия и специальных средств сотрудниками органов ФСБ (недоступная ссылка)
Если вы обладаете любой информацией о совершенных или готовящихся терактах, просьба обращаться в ФСБ России по телефонам:
+7 (495) 224-22-22 8 (800) 224-22-22
Для получения информации о порядке выезда из Российской Федерации и въезда в Российскую Федерацию российских и иностранных граждан (лиц без гражданства), выдачи пропусков для въезда (прохода) лиц и транспортных средств в пограничную зону, выдачи разрешения на неоднократное пересечение иностранными судами государственной границы Российской Федерации на море обращаться в ВЕБ-ПРИЕМНУЮ ФСБ России
Для получения справочной информации обращаться в ПОГРАНИЧНЫЕ ОРГАНЫ
РУКОВОДСТВО
Бортников Александр Васильевич
Родился 15 ноября 1951 года в г. Перми. Образование высшее. В 1973 году окончил Ленинградский институт инженеров железнодорожного транспорта, работал по специальности на предприятиях г. Гатчины Ленинградской области. В органах государственной безопасности с 1975 года. Проходил службу на должностях оперативного и руководящего состава в контрразведывательных подразделениях УКГБ СССР по Ленинградской области — УФСБ России по г. Санкт-Петербургу и Ленинградской области. С 2003 года – начальник УФСБ России по г. Санкт-Петербургу и Ленинградской области. С февраля 2004 года – заместитель Директора – руководитель Департамента экономической безопасности ФСБ России, с июля 2004 года – руководитель Службы экономической безопасности ФСБ России.
Указом Президента Российской Федерации 12 мая 2008 года назначен Директором Федеральной службы безопасности Российской Федерации. Генерал армии. Имеет государственные награды: орден «За заслуги перед Отечеством» IV, III, II и I степени, орден «За военные заслуги», орден Почета, орден Дружбы, орден Александра Невского, 6 медалей. Награжден также наградами ряда зарубежных стран.
Заместители директора ФСБ России:
Кулишов Владимир Григорьевич
Генерал армии, назначен на должность первого заместителя Директора – руководителя Пограничной службы ФСБ России в марте 2013 года, в органах безопасности с августа 1982 года.
Королев Сергей Борисович
Генерал армии, назначен на должность первого заместителя Директора ФСБ России в марте 2021 года, в органах безопасности с августа 1979 года.
Купряжкин Александр Николаевич
Генерал-полковник, назначен на должность статс-секретаря – заместителя Директора ФСБ России в сентябре 2018 года, в органах безопасности с августа 1983 года.
Сироткин Игорь Геннадьевич
Генерал-полковник, назначен на должность заместителя Директора ФСБ России – руководителя аппарата Национального антитеррористического комитета в декабре 2015 года, в органах безопасности с августа 1983 года.
Федеральная служба безопасности Российской Федерации | |
Emblem of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation |
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Flag of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation |
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Agency overview | |
---|---|
Formed | 3 April 1995; 28 years ago |
Preceding agency |
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Type | Independent |
Jurisdiction | Russia |
Headquarters | 24 Kuznetsky Most, Moscow, Russia |
Employees | Classified |
Annual budget | Classified |
Agency executives |
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Website | fsb-news Building details |
Федеральная служба безопасности Российской Федерации |
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Headquarters of the FSB on 24 Kuznetski Most |
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General information | |
Coordinates | 55°45′38″N 37°37′41″E / 55.76056°N 37.62806°E |
The Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation (FSB; Russian: Федеральная служба безопасности Российской Федерации, tr. Federal’naya sluzhba bezopasnosti Rossiyskoy Federatsii, IPA: [fʲɪdʲɪˈralʲnəjə ˈsluʐbə bʲɪzɐˈpasnəstʲɪ rɐˈsʲijskəj fʲɪdʲɪˈratsɨɪ]; ФСБ России) is the principal security agency of Russia and the main successor agency to the Soviet Union’s KGB; its immediate predecessor was the Federal Counterintelligence Service (FSK) which was reorganized into the FSB in 1995. The three major structural successor components of the former KGB that remain administratively independent of the FSB are the Foreign Intelligence Service (SVR), the Federal Protective Service (FSO), and the Main Directorate of Special Programs of the President of the Russian Federation (GUSP).
The primary responsibilities are within the country and include counter-intelligence, internal and border security, counter-terrorism, surveillance and investigating some other types of serious crimes and federal law violations. It is headquartered in Lubyanka Square, Moscow’s center, in the main building of the former KGB. The director of the FSB is appointed by and directly answerable to the president of Russia.[1]
In 2003, the FSB’s responsibilities were expanded by incorporating the Border Guard Service and a major part of the Federal Agency of Government Communication and Information (FAPSI); this would include intelligence activities in countries that were once members of the Soviet Union, work formerly done by the KGB’s Fifth Service. The SVR had in 1992 signed an agreement not to spy on those countries; the FSB had made no such commitment.
History[edit]
Initial recognition of the KGB[edit]
The Federal Security Service is one of the successor organizations of the Soviet Committee of State Security (KGB). Following the attempted coup of 1991—in which some KGB units as well as the KGB head Vladimir Kryuchkov played a major part—the KGB was dismantled and ceased to exist from November 1991.[2][3] In December 1991, two government agencies answerable to the Russian president were created by President Yeltsin’s decrees on the basis of the relevant main directorates of the defunct KGB: Foreign Intelligence Service (Russia) (SVR, the former First Main Directorate) and the Federal Agency of Government Communications and Information (FAPSI, merging the functions of the former 8th Main Directorate and 16th Main Directorate of the KGB). In January 1992, another new institution, the Ministry of Security, took over domestic and border security responsibilities.[4] Following the 1993 constitutional crisis, the Ministry of Security was reorganized on 21 December 1993 into the Federal Counter-Intelligence Service (FSK). The FSK was headed by Sergei Stepashin. Before the start of the First Chechen War’s main military activities, the FSK was responsible for the covert operations against the separatists led by Dzhokhar Dudayev.[5]
Creation of the FSB[edit]
In 1995, the FSK was renamed and reorganized into the Federal Security Service (FSB) by the Federal Law «On the Federal Security Service» (the title of the law as amended in June 2003[6]) signed by the president on 3 April 1995.[7][8] The FSB reforms were rounded out by decree No. 633, signed by Boris Yeltsin on 23 June 1995. The decree made the tasks of the FSB more specific, giving the FSB substantial rights to conduct cryptographic work, and described the powers of the FSB director. The number of deputy directors was increased to eight: two first deputies, five deputies responsible for departments and directorates and one deputy director heading the Moscow City and Moscow regional directorate. Yeltsin appointed Colonel-General Mikhail Ivanovich Barsukov as the new director of the FSB. In 1998, Yeltsin appointed Vladimir Putin, a KGB veteran who would later succeed Yeltsin as federal president, as director of the FSB.[9] Putin was reluctant to take over the directorship, but once appointed conducted a thorough reorganization, which included the dismissal of most of the FSB’s top personnel.[5] Putin appointed Nikolai Patrushev as the head of FSB in 1999.[4]
Role in the Second Chechen War[edit]
After the main military offensive of the Second Chechen War ended and the separatists changed tactics to guerilla warfare, overall command of the federal forces in Chechnya was transferred from the military to the FSB in January 2001. While the army lacked technical means of tracking the guerrilla groups, the FSB suffered from insufficient human intelligence due to its inability to build networks of agents and informants. In the autumn of 2002, the separatists launched a massive campaign of terrorism against the Russian civilians, including the Dubrovka theatre attack. The inability of the federal forces to conduct efficient counter-terrorist operations led to the government to transfer the responsibility of «maintaining order» in Chechnya from the FSB to the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD) in July 2003.[10]
Putin reforms[edit]
After becoming president, Vladimir Putin launched a major reorganization of the FSB. First, the FSB was placed under direct control of the President by a decree issued on 17 May 2000.[4] The internal structure of the agency was reformed by a decree signed on 17 June 2000. In the resulting structure, the FSB was to have a director, a first deputy director and nine other deputy directors, including one possible state secretary and the chiefs of six departments: Economic Security Department, Counterintelligence Department, Organizational and Personnel Service, Department of activity provision, Department for Analysis, Forecasting and Strategic Planning, Department for Protection of the Constitutional System and the Fight against Terrorism.
In 2003, the agency’s responsibilities were considerably widened. The Border Guard Service of Russia, with its staff of 210,000, was integrated to the FSB via a decree was signed on 11 March 2003. The merger was completed by 1 July 2003. In addition, The Federal Agency of Government Communication and Information (FAPSI) was abolished, and the FSB was granted a major part of its functions, while other parts went to the Ministry of Defense.[4] Among the reasons for this strengthening of the FSB were the enhanced need for security after increased terror attacks against Russian civilians starting with the Moscow theater hostage crisis; the need to end the permanent infighting between the FSB, FAPSI and the Border Guards due to their overlapping functions; and the need for more efficient response to migration, drug trafficking and illegal arms trading. In addition, the FSB was the sole power base of the new president, so the restructuring strengthened his position (see Political groups under Vladimir Putin’s presidency).[4]
On 28 June 2004, in a speech to high-ranking FSB officers, Putin emphasized three major tasks of the agency: neutralizing foreign espionage, safeguarding the economic and financial security of the country, and combating organized crime.[4] In September 2006, the FSB was shaken up by a major reshuffle. Combined with some earlier reassignments – most notably those of FSB Deputy Directors Yury Zaostrovtsev and Vladimir Anisimov in 2004 and 2005 – the changes were widely believed to be linked to the Three Whales Corruption Scandal that had slowly unfolded since 2000. Some analysts considered the changes to be an attempt to undermine FSB Director Nikolay Patrushev’s influence, as his team from the Karelian KGB Directorate of the late 1980s to early 1990s suffered most, and he had been on vacations during the events.[11][12][13]
By 2008, the agency had one Director, two First Deputy Directors and 5 Deputy Directors. It had the following 9 divisions:[4]
- Counter-Espionage
- Service for Defense of Constitutional Order and Fight against Terrorism
- Border Service
- Economic Security Service
- Current Information and International Links
- Organizational and Personnel Service
- Monitoring Department
- Scientific and Technical Service
- Organizational Security Service
Anti-terrorist operations[edit]
Beginning with the Moscow theater hostage crisis in 2002, Russia was faced with increased levels of terrorism. FSB Spetsnaz units Alpha Group and Vympel played a key role in hostage rescue operations during the Moscow theater siege and the Beslan school siege.[citation needed] Their performance was criticised, however, due to the high number of hostage casualties. In 2006, the FSB successfully killed Shamil Basayev, who was behind the Beslan tragedy and several other high-profile terrorist acts. According to the FSB, the operation was planned over six months and made possible due to the FSB’s increased activities in foreign countries that were supplying arms to the terrorists. Basayev was tracked via surveillance of this arms trafficking. He and other militants were preparing to carry out a terrorist attack in Ingushetia when FSB agents destroyed their convoy; 12 militants were killed.[14][15]
During the last years of the Vladimir Putin’s second presidency (2006–2008), terrorist attacks in Russia dwindled, falling from 257 in 2005 to 48 in 2007. Military analyst Vitaly Shlykov praised the effectiveness of Russia’s security agencies, saying that the experience learned in Chechnya and Dagestan had been key to the success. In 2008, the American Carnegie Endowment’s Foreign Policy magazine named Russia as «the worst place to be a terrorist» and highlighted especially Russia’s willingness to prioritize national security over civil rights.[16] By 2010, Russian forces led by the FSB had managed to eliminate the top level leadership of the Chechen insurgency, except for Dokka Umarov.[17]
Increased terrorism and expansion of the FSB’s powers[edit]
Starting from 2009, the level of terrorism in Russia increased again, particularly suicide attacks. Between February 2005 and August 2008, no civilians were killed in such attacks. However, in 2008, at least 17 were killed, and in 2009 the number rose to 45.[18]
In March 2010, Islamist militants organised the 2010 Moscow Metro bombings, which killed 40 people. One of the two blasts took place at Lubyanka station, near the FSB headquarters. Militant leader Doku Umarov—dubbed «Russia’s Osama Bin Laden»—took responsibility for the attacks.
In July 2010, President Dmitry Medvedev expanded the FSB’s powers in its fight against terrorism. FSB officers received the power to issue warnings to citizens on actions that could lead to committing crimes and arrest people for 15 days if they fail to comply with legitimate orders given by the officers. The bill was harshly criticized by human rights organizations.[citation needed]
Role in Ukraine[edit]
Since 2014, the FSB devoted substantial resources to preparing for a Russian takeover of Ukraine.[19] Although Russia’s SVR and GRU (foreign and military intelligence services) were also involved, FSB had a lead role on «intelligence and influence operations».[20]
The FSB’s Fifth Service, also referred to as the «Department for Operational Information» and «Operational Information and International Relations Service» is stated by the BBC and Radio Free Europe as counterintelligence in former territories of the Soviet Union, work formerly done by the KGB’s Fifth Service. Its Ninth Directorate of the Fifth Service targets Ukraine.[21][20][22] Putin was persuaded to invade Ukraine by a small group of his closest associates, especially Nikolai Patrushev, Yury Kovalchuk and Alexander Bortnikov.[23][24] According to some experts, Bortnikov played a key role in Putin’s decision to invade Ukraine.[23]
According to a report of the Royal United Services Institute citing interviews officers and analysts of Security Service of Ukraine, the FSB Ukraine team greatly expanded July 2021, and by February 2022 it had «around 200 officers» although most teams consist of only 10–20.[25] Before the 2022 invasion, intelligence agencies in Ukraine, Germany, the UK, and the US reported that the FSB planned to replace elected leaders of Ukraine with Ukrainians now living in Russia.[26][27]
In 2014, according to a Russian military analyst, the FSB badly misled Putin with claims that Ukrainians would welcome a Russian invasion of Crimea to free them from «fascists».[28] According to Radio Free Europe, in 2022, the FSB again promised easy victory if Russia invaded Ukraine.[21]
With the start of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Ukrainian counterintelligence has repeatedly asserted that the FSB suffered failures of operations security, including acts of insubordination and possible sabotage. In March 2022, Russia’s encrypted communication system in Ukraine became useless after the Russian military destroyed cellphone towers; unencrypted phone calls from the FSB in Ukraine to superiors in Moscow discussing the death of Vitaly Gerasimov were tapped and released publicly. Ukrainian intelligence reported that FSB members were leaking intelligence to them, including the location of the Chechen commandos sent to assassinate Zelensky. In late March, Ukrainian intelligence posted online the names, addresses, phone numbers, and more of 620 people they identified as FSB agents. None of these reports have been confirmed by the FSB.[29][30][31][32][33]
Media outlets of Ukraine, its allies in the West, and Russian dissidents report that Vladimir Putin has blamed setbacks in the military operations on the FSB and the Fifth Service. On 11 March 2022, investigative journalist Andrei Soldatov reported that Fifth Service head Sergey Beseda and his deputy, Anatoly Bolyukh were under house arrest due to Putin’s discontent with intelligence failures regarding the invasion of Ukraine. A U.S. official interviewed by The Wall Street Journal described the arrest report as «credible».[34][35][36][37][38]
On 11 April 2022, the Times of London, citing unnamed sources who had spoken to Bellingcat executive director Christo Grozev, reported that Beseda was transferred to Lefortovo Prison, the scene of mass executions during Stalin’s purges. The same report claims that up over 100 FSB agents from the Fifth Service had been sacked. The Times of London also reports that «it is thought that» the Fifth Service is now headed by Beseda’s former subordinate, Grigory Grishaev.[39][40]
According to an article in the 11 April 2022 issue of The Washington Post:[41]
Several current and former officials described the Russian security service as rife with corruption, beset by bureaucratic bloat and ultimately out of touch. A Ukrainian intelligence official said the FSB had spent millions recruiting a network of pro-Russian collaborators who ultimately told Putin and his top advisers, among them the current FSB director, what they wanted to hear.
There have been a series of alleged leaked letters from FSB analysts, made public after the invasion began, which report the same kind of problem, for example, «You have to write the analysis in a way that makes Russia the victor … otherwise you get questioned for not doing good work.»[42][43]
Function[edit]
Counterintelligence[edit]
Main article: DKRO
In 2011, the FSB said it had exposed 199 foreign spies, including 41 professional spies and 158 agents employed by foreign intelligence services.[citation needed] The number has risen in recent years: in 2006 the FSB reportedly caught about 27 foreign intelligence officers and 89 foreign agents.[44] Comparing the number of exposed spies historically, the then-FSB Director Nikolay Kovalyov said in 1996: «There has never been such a number of spies arrested by us since the time when German agents were sent in during the years of World War II.» The 2011 figure is similar to what was reported in 1995–1996, when around 400 foreign intelligence agents were uncovered during the two-year period.[citation needed]
In a high-profile case of foreign espionage, the FSB said in February 2012 that an engineer working at the Plesetsk Cosmodrome, Russia’s main space center for military launches, had been sentenced to 13 years in prison on charges of state treason. A court judged that the engineer had sold information about the testing of new Russian strategic missile systems to the American CIA.[citation needed]
A number of scientists have been accused of espionage and illegal technology exports by the FSB since it was established; instances include researcher Igor Sutyagin,[45] physicist Valentin Danilov,[46] physical chemist Oleg Korobeinichev,[47] academician Oskar Kaibyshev,[48] and physicist Yury Ryzhov.[49] Ecologist and journalist Alexander Nikitin, who worked with the Bellona Foundation, was accused of espionage. He published material exposing hazards posed by the Russian Navy’s nuclear fleet. He was acquitted in 1999 after spending several years in prison (his case was sent for re-investigation 13 times while he remained in prison). In August 2021, the FSB arrested plasma physics-expert Alexander Kuranov, chief designer of the Hypersonic Systems Research Center (NIPGS in Russian) in St. Petersburg. Kuranov is suspected of passing secret information to a foreigner about hypersonic technology; he oversaw concept design on the Ayaks/Ajax hypersonic aircraft and has run a Russia-US scientific symposium for several years.[50][51]
Other instances of prosecution are the cases of investigative journalist and ecologist Grigory Pasko,[52][53] Vladimir Petrenko, who described danger posed by military chemical warfare stockpiles, and Nikolay Shchur, chairman of the Snezhinskiy Ecological Fund.[citation needed]
Other arrested people include Viktor Orekhov, a former KGB officer who assisted Soviet dissidents, Vladimir Kazantsev, who disclosed illegal purchases of eavesdropping devices from foreign firms, and Vil Mirzayanov, who had written that Russia was working on a nerve-gas weapon.[citation needed]
Counter-terrorism[edit]
In 2011, the FSB prevented 94 «crimes of a terrorist nature», including eight terrorist attacks. In particular, the agency foiled a planned suicide bombing in Moscow on New Year’s Eve. However, the agency failed to prevent terrorists perpetrating the Domodedovo International Airport bombing.[citation needed] Over the years, FSB and affiliated state security organizations have killed all presidents of the separatist Chechen Republic of Ichkeria including Dzhokhar Dudaev, Zelimkhan Yandarbiev, Aslan Maskhadov, and Abdul-Khalim Saidullaev.[citation needed] During the Moscow theater hostage crisis and Beslan school hostage crisis, all hostage-takers were killed on the spot by FSB spetsnaz forces. Only one of the suspects, Nur-Pashi Kulayev, survived and was convicted later by the court. It is reported that more than 100 leaders of terrorist groups have been killed during 119 operations on North Caucasus during 2006.[44] On 28 July 2006, the FSB presented a list of 17 terrorist organizations recognized by the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation, to Rossiyskaya Gazeta newspaper, which published the list that day. The list had been available previously, but only through individual request.[54][55] Commenting on the list, Yuri Sapunov, head of anti-terrorism at the FSB, named three main criteria necessary for organizations to be listed.[56]
Foreign intelligence[edit]
According to some unofficial sources,[57][58][59][60][61] since 1999, the FSB has also been tasked with the intelligence-gathering on the territory of the CIS countries, wherein the SVR is legally forbidden from conducting espionage under the inter-government agreements. Such activity is in line with Article 8 of the Federal Law on the FSB.[62]
According to the Royal United Services Institute, FSB’s Department for Operational Information «is responsible for compiling data on Russia’s ‘near abroad‘«, having taken over the work of KGB’s Fifth Service, which ran counterintelligence inside territories of the Soviet Union.[22]
Targeted killing[edit]
In the summer of 2006, the FSB was given the legal power to engage in targeted killing of terrorism suspects overseas if ordered by the president.[63]
Border protection[edit]
The Federal Border Guard Service (FPS) has been part of the FSB since 2003. Russia has 61,000 kilometers (38,000 mi) of sea and land borders, 7,500 kilometers (4,700 mi) of which is with Kazakhstan, and 4,000 kilometers (2,500 mi) with China. One kilometer (.62 miles) of border protection costs around 1 million rubles per year.[citation needed]
Export control[edit]
The FSB is engaged in the development of Russia’s export control strategy and examines drafts of international agreements related to the transfer of dual-use and military commodities and technologies. Its primary role in the nonproliferation sphere is to collect information to prevent the illegal export of controlled nuclear technology and materials.[64]
Surveillance[edit]
In September 2017, WikiLeaks released «Spy Files Russia», revealing how a company called Peter-Service helped state entities gather data on Russian mobile phone users as part of an online surveillance system called the System for Operative Investigative Activities (SORM) with close collaboration with the FSB.[65][66] SORM-1 is for wiretapping phones. SORM-2 intercepts electronic correspondence and Internet traffic. Beginning in the summer of 2014, SORM-3 has been «on guard» and integrates all telecommunication services in real time.[67][68]
Cyber Units[edit]
In recent years, the FSB has expanded its mission to include foreign intelligence collection and offensive cyber operations. Cyber analysts have referred to FSB hackers as Berserk Bear, Energetic Bear, Gamaredon, TeamSpy, Dragonfly, Havex, Crouching Yeti, and Koala.
The FSB reportedly has two primary centers overseeing its information security and cyber operations. The first is the 16th Center, which houses most of the FSB’s signals intelligence capabilities. The FSB also includes the 18th Center for Information Security, which oversees domestic operations and security but conducts foreign operations as well. The U.S. government indicted 18th Center FSB officers in 2017 for breaching Yahoo and millions of email accounts. In 2021, Ukrainian intelligence released information and recordings of 18th Center FSB officers based in Crimea as part of the «Gamaredon» hacking group.
Media reporting indicates FSB units are capable of manufacturing their own advanced malware tools and have been documented manipulating exposed malware to mimic other hacking teams and conceal their activities. Reporting indicates the FSB oversees training and research institutes, which directly support the FSB’s cyber mission.
One FSB team reportedly focuses on penetrating infrastructure and energy sector targets. Most operations linked to this team appear to be reconnaissance or clandestine surveillance. The targeting of the energy sector has raised concern within the U.S. government. The Department of Homeland Security and the Federal Bureau of Investigation have documented the unit’s reconnaissance and noted the possibility of inserting malware to cause future damage in an attack. The U.S. government also has linked the unit to attempts to penetrate state and local government networks in 2020.
Media reporting has documented close connections between the FSB and criminal and civilian hackers, which the FSB reportedly uses to augment and staff its cyber units. DOJ has indicted multiple Russian hackers for a variety of criminal and state-sponsored cyber activities. Many of these indictments describe the close relationship between criminal hackers and the FSB.[69]
Organization[edit]
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Director[edit]
Since 2008, the director of the FSB has been General Alexander Bortnikov.[70]
First Deputy Director[edit]
The current First Deputy Director of the FSB is Sergei Korolev. He was appointed by Russian President Vladimir Putin on 24 February 2021.[71]
Head of scientific and technical service[edit]
As of 2022 Eduard Chernovoltsev was listed the Head of scientific and technical service of the FSB.[72]
Regional structure[edit]
Below the nationwide level, the FSB has regional offices in all the federal subjects of Russia. It also has administrations in the armed forces and other military institutions. Sub-departments exist for areas such as aviation, special training centers, forensic expertise, military medicine, etc.[4]
Structure of the Federal Office (incomplete):
- Counterintelligence Service (Department) – chiefs: Oleg Syromolotov (since Aug 2000), Valery Pechyonkin (September 1997 – August 2000)
- Directorate for the Counterintelligence Support of Strategic Facilities
- Military Counterintelligence Directorate – chiefs: Alexander Bezverkhny (at least since 2002), Vladimir Petrishchev (since January 1996)
- Service (Department) for Protection of the Constitutional System and the Fight against Terrorism – chiefs: Alexey Sedov (since March 2006), Alexander Bragin (2004 – March 2006), Alexander Zhdankov (2001–2004), German Ugryumov (2000–2001)
- Directorate for Terrorism and Political Extremism Control – chiefs: Mikhail Belousov, before him Grafov, before the latter Boris Mylnikov (since 2000)
- Economic Security Service (Department) – chiefs: Sergei Korolev (June 2016 to February 24, 2021), Yuri V. Yakovlev [ru] (2008 to June 2016), Alexander Bortnikov (2 March 2004 to 2008), Yury Zaostrovtsev (January 2000 – March 2004), Viktor Ivanov (April 1999 – January 2000), Nikolay Patrushev (1998 – April 1999), Alexander Grigoryev (28 August – 1 October 1998).
- Operational Information and International Relations Service (Analysis, Forecasting, and Strategic Planning Department) – chiefs: Sergey Beseda (since 2009), Viktor Komogorov (1999–2009), Sergei Ivanov (1998–1999); The successor of the KGB’s Fifth Service, this department is in charge of counterintelligence operations against territories of the former Soviet Union.[22]
- Organizational and Personnel Service (Department) – chiefs: Yevgeny Lovyrev (since 2001), Yevgeny Solovyov (before Lovyrev)
- Department for Activity Provision – chiefs: Mikhail Shekin (since September 2006), Sergey Shishin (before Shekin), Pyotr Pereverzev (as of 2004), Alexander Strelkov (before Pereverzev)
- Border Guard Service – chiefs: Vladimir Pronichev (since 2003)
- Control Service – chiefs: Alexander Zhdankov (since 2004)
Rashid Nurgaliyev (left) and Alexander Bortnikov in April 2010 - Inspection Directorate – chiefs: Vladimir Anisimov (2004 – May 2005), Rashid Nurgaliyev (12 July 2000 – 2002),
- Internal Security Directorate – chiefs: Alexander Kupryazhkin (until September 2006), Sergei Shishin (before Kupryazhkin since December 2002), Sergei Smirnov (April 1999 – December 2002), Viktor Ivanov (1998 – April 1999), Nikolay Patrushev (1994–1998)
- Science and Engineering Service (Department) – chiefs: Nikolai Klimashin
- Center of Information Security
- Investigation Directorate – chiefs: Nikolay Oleshko (since December 2004), Yury Anisimov (as of 2004), Viktor Milchenko (since 2002), Sergey Balashov (until 2002 since at least 2001), Vladimir Galkin (as of 1997 and 1998)
Besides the services (departments) and directorates of the federal office, the territorial directorates of FSB in the federal subjects are also subordinate to it. Of these, St. Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast Directorate of FSB and its predecessors (historically covering both Leningrad/Saint Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast) have played especially important roles in the history of this organization, as many of the officers of the Directorate, including Vladimir Putin and Nikolay Patrushev, later assumed important positions within the federal FSB office or other government bodies. After the last Chief of the Soviet time, Anatoly Kurkov, the St. Petersburg and Leningrad Oblast Directorate were led by Sergei Stepashin (29 November 1991 – 1992), Viktor Cherkesov (1992 –1998), Alexander Grigoryev (1 October 1998 – 5 January 2001), Sergei Smirnov (5 January 2001 – June 2003), Alexander Bortnikov (June 2003 – March 2004) and Yury Ignashchenkov (since March 2004).
Directors of the FSB[edit]
On 20 June 1996, Boris Yeltsin fired Director of FSB Mikhail Barsukov and appointed Nikolay Kovalyov as acting Director and later Director of the FSB. Aleksander Bortnikov took over on 12 May 2008.
- Nikolai Golushko, December 1993 – February 1994
- Sergei Stepashin, February 1994 – June 1995
- Mikhail Barsukov, July 1995 – June 1996
- Nikolai Kovalyov, July 1996 – July 1998
- Vladimir Putin, July 1998 – August 1999
- Nikolai Patrushev, August 1999 – 12 May 2008
- Alexander Bortnikov, 12 May 2008 – present
Criticism[edit]
The FSB has been criticised for corruption, human rights violations and secret police activities. Some Kremlin critics such as Alexander Litvinenko have claimed that the FSB is engaged in suppression of internal dissent; Litvinenko died in 2006 as a result of polonium poisoning.[73] Litvinenko, along with a series of other authors such as Yury Felshtinsky, David Satter, Boris Kagarlitsky, Vladimir Pribylovsky, Mikhail Trepashkin, have claimed that the 1999 apartment bombings in Moscow and other Russian cities were a false flag attack coordinated by the FSB in order to win public support for a new full-scale war in Chechnya and boost former FSB director and then prime minister Vladimir Putin’s popularity in the lead-up to parliamentary elections and presidential transfer of power.[74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85] The FSB has been further criticised by some for failure to bring Islamist terrorism in Russia under control.[86] In the mid-2000s, the pro-Kremlin Russian sociologist Olga Kryshtanovskaya claimed that the FSB played a dominant role in the country’s political, economic and even cultural life.[87][88][89]
After the annexation of Crimea, the FSB may also have been responsible for the forced disappearances and torture of Crimean Tatar activists and public figures. According to the United Nations, in occupied Crimea, the FSB used torture with elements of sexual violence against pro-Ukrainian activists, forcing them to confess to crimes related to terrorism. The detainees were beaten, tortured with electric shocks in the genitals and threatened with rape.[90] Some, such as Oleh Sentsov, have been detained and accused in politically motivated kangaroo courts.[91] The FSB spied on and filmed a gathering of members of the Jehovah’s Witnesses while they were about to undergo baptism rites, with the videos used as evidence in a trial against the defendants in 2021; Jehovah’s Witnesses have been banned as a group in Russia since 2017 for «extremism».[92]
In spite of various anti-corruption actions of the government FSB operatives and officials are routinely found in the center of various fraud, racket and corruption scandals.[93][94] FSB officers have been frequently accused of torture,[95][96][97][98][99] extortion, bribery and illegal takeovers of private companies, often working together with tax inspection officers. Active and former FSB officers are also present as «curators» in «almost every single large enterprise», both in public and private sectors.[100][101] Several unnamed current and former officials described the FSB as less effective than the KGB, describing it as «rife with corruption, beset by bureaucratic bloat and ultimately out of touch», in a report by the Washington Post in 2022.[41]
On 29 December 2016, the White House accused and sanctioned the FSB and several other Russian companies for what the US intelligence agencies said was their role in helping the Russian military intelligence service, the Main Intelligence Directorate (GRU) disrupt and spread disinformation during the 2016 US presidential election. In addition, the State Department also declared 35 Russian diplomats and officials persona non-grata and denied Russian government officials access to two Russian-owned installations in Maryland and New York.[102]
An investigation by Bellingcat and The Insider implicated FSB agents in the poisoning of opposition leader Alexei Navalny in August 2020, where he became ill during a flight.[103][104]
It was reported that during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, FSB officers carried out filtration activities in Mariupol, which were accompanied by searches, interrogations, forced deportations to Russia, beatings and torture.[105]
According to an investigative report by Novaya Gazeta, some of the suspicious deaths of Russian businesspeople in 2022–2023 may be connected to large scale accounting fraud by Gazprom executives, who may have funneled money to a network of businesses owned by friends and family members with ties to the FSB and Russian military.[106]
Role in the Russian doping scandal[edit]
Following the broadcast of a documentary film alleging systematic doping in Russia, World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) president Craig Reedie authorized an Independent Commission (IC) to investigate the issues brought up by the documentary in 2015. The IC authorized a review of practices on whether there were any breaches by the Russian Anti-Doping Agency.[107][108] The report found direct interference into the laboratory’s operations by the Russian State undermined the laboratory’s independence and that tests conducted by the laboratory were highly suspect. The report elaborates on the role of the FSB:
[A] laboratory staff member reported that an FSB agent regularly visits the Moscow laboratory. The IC sources within the laboratory identified the FSB agent as Evgeniy Blotkin/Blokhin. Sources reported that Moscow laboratory Director Rodchenkov was required to meet with Evgeniy Blotkin weekly to update him on the «mood of WADA.» One laboratory staff member provided information to IC investigators about the suspected bugging or wiretapping of telephones, while another staff member reported that office spaces within the Moscow laboratory were monitored (bugged) by the FSB in order to be informed of the laboratory’s activities. This could not be independently verified by the IC, but the reported statements demonstrate the perceptions of laboratory officials, who believe they are under constant state surveillance. This perception is also fuelled by the FSB’s regular visits to the laboratory and the questioning of its staff members. For example, the IC learned that staff members were routinely questioned by FSB upon their return from global laboratory and WADA seminars. Following the airing of the ARD documentary, select laboratory staff members were directed by the FSB not to cooperate with the WADA investigation.
— World Anti-Doping Agency, The Independent Commission Report #1, 13.4 FSB Influence
In January 2016, the head of Russia’s anti-doping laboratory Grigory Rodchenkov fled Russia and exposed the doping program, which included members of the FSB replacing tainted urine samples with older, clean ones.[109] As a result of the scandals the International Association of Athletics Federations suspended Russia from all international athletic competitions including the 2016 Summer Olympics.[110]
In July 2016, the first McLaren Report found that «beyond a reasonable doubt» the Russian Ministry of Sport, the Centre of Sports Preparation of the National Teams of Russia, the FSB, and the WADA-accredited laboratory in Moscow «operated for the protection of doped Russian athletes» within a «state-directed failsafe system» using «the disappearing positive [test] methodology.»[111][112][113][114] In a second McLaren Report released December 2016, it was found that
In the period before the Sochi Games, a «clean urine bank» was established at the FSB Command Centre, which was situated immediately adjacent to the Sochi Laboratory. Inside that building a dedicated room containing several large freezers was set up for the purpose of storing the clean urine samples.[115]
See also[edit]
- Awards of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation
- Federal Protective Service, government protection agency
- SORM, law that allows the FSB to monitor communications
- Third Section of His Imperial Majesty’s Own Chancellery
- Vulkan files leak
References[edit]
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- ^ Gevorkian, Natalia (January 1993). The KGB: «They still need us». pp. 36–39. Archived from the original on 18 October 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2015.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Schneider, Eberhard. «The Russian Federal Security Service under President Putin». In Stephen White (ed.). Politics and the Ruling Group in Putin’s Russia.
- ^ a b Sakwa, Richard. Russian Politics and Society (4th ed.). p. 98.
- ^ «Федеральный закон от 30.06.2003 г. № 86-ФЗ». Archived from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
- ^ ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫЙ ЗАКОН О ФЕДЕРАЛЬНОЙ СЛУЖБЕ БЕЗОПАСНОСТИ Archived 16 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine Russian Federation Federal Law No. 40-FZ. Adopted by the State Duma 22 February 1995.
- ^ «ФЕДЕРАЛЬНЫЙ ЗАКОН О федеральной службе безопасности». Archived from the original on 16 August 2018. Retrieved 16 August 2018.
- ^ Mark Tran. Who is Vladimir Putin? Archived 3 March 2022 at the Wayback Machine Profile: Russia’s new prime minister. Guardian Unlimited 9 August 1999.
- ^ Baev, Pavel (2005). «Chechnya and the Russian Military». In Richard Sakwa (ed.). Chechnya: From Past to Future. Anthem Press.
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- ^ «Mass Dismissals at the FSB – Kommersant Moscow». Kommersant.com. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 4 November 2010.
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- ^ «Russians claim killing of rebel Basayev, the Beslan butcher». The Independent. 11 July 2006. Archived from the original on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
- ^ «Chechen rebel chief Basayev dies». BBC News. 10 June 2006. Archived from the original on 21 January 2011. Retrieved 13 February 2011.
- ^ Biberman, Yelena (6 December 2008). «No Place to Be a Terrorist». Russia Profile. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014.
- ^ Saradzhyan, Simon (31 March 2010). «Eliminating Terrorists, Not Terror». International Relations and Security Network. Archived from the original on 12 May 2011. Retrieved 14 February 2011.
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- ^ Ball, Tom (9 March 2022). «Putin infuriated by Russian intelligence failures in Ukraine war». The Times. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
Since 2014, the agency had spent a lot of time and resources on attempts to foment unrest in western Ukraine among far-right groups, which ultimately came to nothing, Soldatov said. Their assessments of popular support among Ukrainians for a Russian invasion and the extent to which the country would resist were also ‘terribly miscalculated’.
- ^ a b «US reveals claims of Russian ‘kill list’ if Moscow occupies Ukraine». BBC. 21 February 2022. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
Back in 1992 Russia’s Foreign Intelligence Service, the SVR, signed a deal with Ukraine and neighbouring states not to spy on them. That left the way open for the FSB which grew in power, particularly after its head in the late 1990s, Vladimir Putin, became Russia’s leader. The SVR and military intelligence, the GRU, both still operate in Ukraine but the FSB leads on intelligence and influence operations.
- ^ a b «Russian Officials Predicted A Quick Triumph In Ukraine. Did Bad Intelligence Skew Kremlin Decision-Making?». Radio Free Europe. 11 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
The FSB unit that conducts foreign political analysis — the Ninth Directorate of the Fifth Service – commissioned public opinion polls in Ukraine earlier in February, weeks before the war…The surveys suggest that Ukrainians’ main concerns prior to the war were mundane things: food prices, energy prices, corruption.
- ^ a b c «Ukraine Through Russia’s Eyes». Royal United Services Institute. 25 February 2022. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
The KGB’s Fifth Service had been responsible for counterintelligence in the territories of the former Soviet Union. When the KGB became the FSB in the 1990s, and these territories became independent states, the Fifth Service transitioned into an intelligence agency targeting Russia’s neighbours. Its Department for Operational Information is responsible for compiling data on Russia’s ‘near abroad’
- ^ a b c «A look at the trio who convinced Putin to invade». Yahoo News. 9 January 2023.
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The most concerning development to Ukraine is the expansion of FSB resources targeting Ukraine. Within the FSB’s Fifth Service, run by Colonel General Sergei Beseda, the Department for Operational Information has teams dedicated to most of the ‘territories’ of the former Soviet Union. Most teams comprise 10–20 personnel. In July 2021, however, the Ukraine team of the FSB Fifth Service was expanded to form the 9th Directorate comprising around 200 officers.
- ^ Sabbagh, Dan (13 February 2022). «Russia’s FSB agency tasked with engineering coups in Ukrainian cities, UK believes». The Guardian. Retrieved 19 March 2022.
Beseda was wanted by Ukraine for questioning in the aftermath of the anti-Russian Maidan revolution in February 2014, believing he was part of a failed attempt to take control of violent efforts to suppress the popular protests. Moscow said he was present to help ensure the protection of the Russian embassy during a time of uncertainty.
- ^ «State overthrow being prepared by FSB officer, three defectors from Interior Ministry – media». en.interfax.com.ua.
- ^ «Russian GRU military spy chief Igor Sergun dies». BBC. 5 January 2016. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
But Russian military analyst Igor Sutyagin …told the BBC that the FSB got its social analysis of Ukraine wrong in 2013-2014…The FSB had told Mr Putin that Ukrainians were «just waiting for him to liberate them from the ‘fascists’,» he said.
- ^ «Vitaly Gerasimov: second Russian general killed, Ukraine defence ministry claims». The Guardian. 7 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
‘In the call, you hear the Ukraine-based FSB officer ask his boss if he can talk via the secure Era system. The boss says Era is not working…Era is a super expensive cryptophone system that [Russia’s defence ministry] introduced in 2021 with great fanfare.’
- ^ «Russian Military Phones Hacked: Report». The Defense Post. 9 March 2022. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
The Russian military had been using an encrypted communication system called ‘Era’ to communicate with commanders and fellow soldiers to prevent eavesdropping. However, since the 3G/4G towers needed for Era to operate have been destroyed, Ukrainian intelligence has intercepted phone calls, including one made by a Federal Security Service (FSB) field officer informing officials in Russia of the death of Major General Vitaly Gerasimov.
- ^ Ball, Tom (10 March 2022). «Spies accused of betraying Putin’s Chechen units». The Times. Retrieved 13 March 2022.
Chechen fighters loyal to the Kremlin are being betrayed by Russian spies who are leaking their whereabouts to Ukrainian forces, an aide to President Zelensky has claimed. Aleksei Arestovich said that the FSB was ‘quietly passing on’ information about the movements of Chechen units.
- ^ «Ukraine intelligence publishes names of 620 alleged Russian agents». Reuters. 28 March 2022. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
In a post in Russian on its official website, the intelligence arm of the Ukrainian defence ministry listed people it said were FSB employees registered at the agency’s headquarters in Moscow.
- ^ Ball, Tom (29 March 2022). «Names and addresses of 620 FSB officers published in data breach». The Times. Retrieved 30 March 2022.
The names and addresses of 620 people who are said to be FSB officers were published yesterday in what Kyiv said was a huge data breach of the Russian security agency…As well as names and addresses, the list includes details of agents’ cars such as their numberplates, their phone numbers and dates and places of birth.
- ^ Ball, Tom; Brown, Larisa (12 March 2022). «Kremlin arrests FSB chiefs in fallout from Ukraine chaos». The Times. Retrieved 12 March 2022.
A Russian spy chief is said to have been placed under house arrest in a sign that President Putin is seeking to blame the security services for the stalled invasion of Ukraine.
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This article incorporates public domain material from Andrew S. Bowen. Russian Cyber Units. Congressional Research Service.
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