Американские исследователи под руководством

Американские исследователи нашли место, где не существует микробов

0:00 GMT+06 • 28 Июля, 2021

1 минута

Группа исследователей под руководством микробиолога Ноа Фирера отправилась в Антарктиду, чтобы собрать образцы почвы, ожидая выявить в них множество микробов. Однако в пробах почвы в местности, недалеко от ледника Шеклтона, не было найдено ни одного микроорганизма.

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Местный климат и совокупность природных факторов не дает микроорганизмам возможности приспособиться к окружающей среде. 

Насколько известно Фиреру, это первый случай, когда ученые обнаружили почвы, которые не поддерживают какую-либо микробную жизнь.

«Мы не утверждаем, что обнаружили стерильную почву. Но то, что мы не обнаружили там микроорганизмов, говорит о том, что здесь находится предел их активности», — заявляет один из авторов исследования.

По его словам, местность, где были взяты образцы почвы, напоминает поверхность Марса. Однако условия на планете еще суровей, что заставило ученых опровергнуть все теории о возможности жизни на Красной планете. 

Группа американских исследователей под руководством профессора Дэвида Гукасяна выявила мутации в ДНК астронавтов НАСА, летавших в космос. Об этом пишет журнал Space.

Ученые исследовали образцы крови 14 космонавтов, совершавших полеты на шаттлах в промежутке с 1998 по 2001 год. Средняя продолжительность путешествий — 12 дней, то есть все они были относительно короткими.

Примерно 85% участников эксперимента — мужчины, средний возраст испытуемых на момент полета — 42 года. Образцы материала брались у них за десять дней до старта космического челнока, в день старта и спустя три дня после приземления.

Они хранились в криокамерах более двадцати лет. Мутации были обнаружены в гемопоэтических (или кроветворных) стволовых клетках костного мозга — тех, что образуют все остальные виды клеток крови.

Ученые отмечают, что изучали соматические изменения — они не передаются по наследству, возникают в течение жизни и играют важную роль в формировании раковых клеток.

Наибольшее число мутаций было замечено в генах TP53 (подавляет развитие раковых опухолей) и DNMT3A (чаще других мутирует при заболевании раком, в особенности острым миелоидным лейкозом).

Исследователи установили, что объем мутаций соответствует возрасту пожилых людей — он был слишком высок для космонавтов, но все же находился ниже тревожного порога. Его отметка — 2%.

«Наличие таких изменений не обязательно сигнализирует о том, что у астронавтов разовьются сердечно-сосудистые или раковые заболевания. Однако есть риск того, что с течением времени это может произойти из‑за постоянного воздействия экстремальных условий глубокого космоса», — пояснил Гукасян.

По словам руководителя исследования, он и его коллеги порекомендовали НАСА проводить скрининг астронавтов на соматические мутации через каждые 3–5 лет.

В 2018 году о мутациях генов в связи с полетами в космос уже сообщалось, эксперимент проводили в самом НАСА. Ученые обнаружили изменения в генах астронавта Скотта Келли — они сравнили постполетные результаты анализов с показателями его брата-близнеца, остававшегося на Земле.

Name Modern (and former) nationality Centuries Main areas explored Antonio de Abreu Portuguese 16th Indonesia Thomas Wyndham English 16th West Africa Sir Richard Guildford English 16th Mediterranean Sea William Adams English 17th Japan Diogo Afonso Portuguese 15th Northwest African coast Estevanico Moroccan 16th North America Crispin Agnew Scottish 20th Greenland, Elephant Island, Northern Patagonian Icefield, Himalayas Charles Albanel French 17th Canada (interior) Afonso de Albuquerque Portuguese 16th Asia Buzz Aldrin American 20th The Moon Pêro de Alenquer Portuguese 15th/16th Indian Ocean Alexander the Great Greek (Macedonian) 4th BC Indus River, Hindu Kush Jean Alfonse (João Afonso) Portuguese-French 15th/16th Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia, possibly Australia; Brazil, North America Benedict Allen English 20th/21st various Diego de Almagro Spanish 16th Peru, Chile László Almásy Hungarian 19th/20th Africa Francisco de Almeida Portuguese 16th India Lourenço de Almeida Portuguese 16th Sri Lanka, India Pedro de Alvarado Spanish 16th Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras Francisco Álvares Portuguese 16th Ethiopia Gonçalo Álvares Portuguese 15th Gough Island, Namibia Jorge Álvares Portuguese 16th China Roald Amundsen Norwegian 20th South Pole, Antarctica, Northwest Passage José Alberto de Oliveira Anchieta Portuguese 19th Gough Island Charles John Andersson Swedish 19th Southern Africa António de Andrade Portuguese 16th/17th India, Tibet Fernão Pires de Andrade Portuguese 16th Ming China Salomon August Andrée Swedish 19th Arctic Roy Chapman Andrews American 20th China, Mongolia Juan Bautista de Anza Spanish 18th California Moncacht-Apé Yazoo 17th/18th North America Dominick Arduin French 20th/21st North Pole Henryk Arctowski Polish 20th Antarctic, South America Neil Armstrong American 20th The Moon Ingólfur Arnarson Norse 9th Iceland Vladimir Arsenyev Russian 20th Far East Michael Asher English 20th Africa Pêro de Ataíde Portuguese 16th/17th Indian Ocean Vasco de Ataíde Portuguese 16th/17th India, Tibet Vladimir Atlasov Siberian Cossack 17th Kamchatka Peninsula François Xavier Aubry French Canadian 19th American Southwest Väinö Auer Finnish 20th Tierra del Fuego and Patagonia Pedro Menéndez de Avilés Spanish 16th Florida Juan de Ayala Spanish 18th California Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón Spanish 16th South Carolina Diogo de Azambuja Portuguese 15th West African coast George Back English 19th Canada (Arctic) William Baffin English 17th Northwest Passage, Canada (Arctic) Abu Bakr II Mali Empire 14th Atlantic Ocean, trans-Atlantic (allegedly) Samuel Baker English 19th Africa Vasco Núñez de Balboa Spanish 16th Panama, ‘discovered’ the Pacific Ocean Robert Ballard American 20th deep sea wrecks, Titanic Ann Bancroft American 20th/21st Arctic, Antarctic Joseph Banks English 18th Newfoundland and Labrador, South Pacific Hong Bao Chinese 15th South Asia, Southeast Asia, Middle East, East African coast Giosafat Barbaro Italian 15th Black Sea, Near East Duarte Barbosa Portuguese 15th/16th Indian Ocean, 1st circumnavigation Pêro de Barcelos Portuguese 15th/16th North America Afonso Gonçalves Baldaia Portuguese 15th Western Sahara Jeanne Baré French 18th/19th Pacific Ocean Willem Barentsz Dutch 16th Northeast Passage, Novaya Zemlya, Svalbard Heinrich Barth German 19th Central and northern Africa Robert Bartlett Newfoundlander 20th Arctic William Bartram American 18th Southern United States George Bass English 18th Australia, Tasmania Henry Walter Bates English 19th Amazon basin Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Battuta^[1][2] Marinid 14th Africa, Central Asia, China, Europe, Indian subcontinent, Middle East, Russia, Southeast Asia Nicolas Baudin French 18th Australia James Beckwourth American 19th Sierra Nevada William Beebe American 20th deep sea Pyotr Beketov Russian 17th Siberia Gertrude Bell English 19th/20th Greater Syria Mesopotamia Asia Minor Arabia Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen Baltic German 19th Antarctica Joseph René Bellot French 19th Arctic Móric Benyovszky Hungarian 18th northern Pacific Ocean^[3] Vitus Bering Danish 18th Northern Pacific Ocean, Bering Strait, Alaska (North America) Jean de Béthencourt French 15th Canary Islands Hiram Bingham III American 20th Machu Picchu, Peru Laura Bingham English 20th/21st South America Isabella Bird English 19th/20th North America, Hawaii, Japan, Korea, China, Vietnam, Singapore, Malaysia, India, Persia, Kurdistan, Turkey, Morocco John Blashford-Snell English 20th/21st various Adriaen Block Dutch 17th East Coast of the United States Nellie Bly American 19th/20th trip around the world in 72 days Juan Francisco de la Bodega y Quadra Spanish 18th Pacific Northwest Benjamin Bonneville American 19th Oregon Country, Great Basin Daniel Boone American 18th Kentucky, Appalachian Mountains Vittorio Bottego Italian 19th Somalia Adam Brand German 17th Russia, China Pierre Savorgnan de Brazza Italian-French 19th Congo Saint Brendan Irish 6th Atlantic Ocean, Iceland Jim Bridger American 19th Western United States James Bruce Scottish 18th Algeria, the Middle East, Egypt William S. Bruce Scottish 20th Antarctica Jørgen Brønlund Greenlandic 20th Greenland Étienne Brûlé French 17th Canada (interior) Bungaree Aboriginal Australian 18th/19th Australian coasts Lafayette Bunnell American 19th Yosemite Valley Johann Ludwig Burckhardt Swiss 19th Middle East, Sudan Robert O’Hara Burke Irish 19th Australia Frederick Russell Burnham American 19th/20th Africa, Mexico Richard Francis Burton English 19th East Africa Thomas Button Welsh 17th Northwest Passage José de Bustamante y Guerra Spanish 18th Pacific Ocean Richard E. Byrd American 20th North Pole, Antarctica Álvar Núñez Cabeza de Vaca Spanish 16th Southwestern United States, Mexico, Argentina John Cabot^[4] Italian 15th North American mainland (Canada) Sebastian Cabot Italian 15th Northwest Passage (Canada), Río de la Plata, Paraná River (South America) João Cabral Portuguese 16th Bhutan & Nepal Pedro Álvares Cabral Portuguese 15th/16th Brazil, Madagascar Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo Portuguese or Spanish 16th California Estêvão Cacella Portuguese 16th Himalayas Alvise Cadamosto Italian 15th Cape Verde islands Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac French 18th North America René Caillié French 19th North Africa Álvaro Caminha Portuguese 15th São Tomé and Príncipe islands Pêro Vaz de Caminha Portuguese 15th Brazil Alberto del Canto Portuguese 15th/16th Northwestern Mexico Diogo Cão Portuguese 15th west coast of Africa (including the Congo River) Hermenegildo de Brito Capelo Portuguese 19th African continent John Carpini Italian 13th Central Asia, Mongolia Juan Carrasco Spanish 18th Pacific Northwest Kit Carson American 19th Rocky Mountains, California, Oregon, Great Basin Jan Carstensz Dutch 17th New Guinea coast, Gulf of Carpentaria Jacques Cartier French 16th St. Lawrence River João de Castro Portuguese 15th India, Arabian Peninsula & Red Sea René-Robert Cavelier de La Salle French 17th Mississippi embayment Thomas Cavendish English 16th Virginia, Pacific coast of Central and South America Merieme Chadid Moroccan, French 20th/21st Antarctica, South America, Asia, Astronomer Paul Du Chaillu French 19th Africa Harriet Chalmers Adams American 19th/20th South America, Asia, South Pacific Samuel de Champlain French 16th/17th Quebec, Great Lakes Chang Chun Chinese 13th Central Asia, Mongolia Jean Chardin French 17th Persia, India Semion Chelyuskin Russian 18th Great Northern Expedition Vasily Chichagov Russian 18th Northern Sea Route Aleksei Chirikov Russian 18th Great Northern Expedition Fletcher Christian English 18th Polynesia Boris Chukhnovsky Russian 20th Arctic Hugh Clapperton Scottish 19th west and Central Africa William Clark American 19th Western United States Gonçalo Coelho Portuguese 15th/16th South American coast Nicolau Coelho Portuguese 15th Brazil Frank Cole Canadian 20th Sahara Bartholomew Columbus Italian (Genoese) 15th/16th Hispaniola, The Antilles Christopher Columbus^[5] Italian (Genoese)

15th/16th

Bahamas, Caribbean, Central America, South America (Colombia and Venezuela) Diego Columbus Portuguese 16th Hispaniola (Mainly Dominican Republic) George Comer American 19th/20th Arctic Niccolò Da Conti Italian (Venetian)

15th

India, Southeast Asia Frederick Cook American 19th/20th Arctic James Cook English 18th Australasia, Oceania Francisco Vásquez de Coronado Spanish 16th New Mexico Diogo Álvares Correia Portuguese 16th Brazil Gaspar Côrte-Real Portuguese 16th Newfoundland, Greenland João Côrte-Real Portuguese 15th Azores, Newfoundland (Possible exploration of North America in 1473) Miguel Côrte-Real Portuguese 16th Greenland, Newfoundland, Massachusetts Hernán Cortés Spanish 16th Mexico Juan de la Cosa Spanish 15th/16th Caribbean, South America Thomas Coulter Irish 19th Mexico, Alta California Jean Cousin French 15th Possibly the Americas around 1488. Possibly mouth of the Amazon River Jacques-Yves Cousteau French 20th the deep sea Pêro da Covilhã Portuguese 15th/16th India, Ethiopia Tom Crean Irish 20th Antarctica Andrew Croft English 20th Arctic Tristão da Cunha Portuguese 16th Tristan da Cunha islands Jeremy Curl English/Irish 20th African continent William Healey Dall American 19th Alaska, Yukon William Dampier English 17th/18th Australia, Panama, many other locations Alexandra David-Néel French-Belgian 20th Tibet (Traveled to Lhasa) Isaac Davis Welsh 18th Hawaii John Davis English 16th East Indies, Falkland Islands Wang Dayuan Chinese 14th Southeast Asia, Singapore Semyon Dezhnev Russian 17th Siberia, Bering Strait (80 years before Vitus Bering) Bartolomeu Dias Portuguese 15th Africa Dinis Dias Portuguese 15th Northwest African coast Diogo Dias Portuguese 16th Madagascar, Somalia Pêro Dias Portuguese 15th African coast Dicuil Irish 8th England, Scotland Karl von Ditmar Baltic German 19th Kamchatka Raphaël Domjan Swiss 21st various Francis Drake English 16th Caribbean, Pacific Coast of North America Gil Eanes Portuguese 15th Northwest African coast Juan Sebastián Elcano Spanish 16th completed Ferdinand Magellan’s circumnavigation Francisco de Eliza Spanish 18th Strait of Juan de Fuca and Strait of Georgia Lincoln Ellsworth American 20th Arctic and Antarctica Franz Engel German 19th South America Leif Eriksson Norse Viking 11th Vinland (Newfoundland) and North American mainland (Canada) Erik the Red Norse Viking 10th Greenland Pedro Escobar Portuguese 15th São Tomé and Príncipe islands St Vincent Whitshed Erskine British-South African 19th Gazaland & Limpopo River Eudoxus of Cyzicus Greek 2nd BC Indian Ocean, attempted circumnavigation of Africa Euthymenes Greek 6th BC Northwest African coast George Everest Welsh 19th India Evliya Çelebi Turkish 17th Turkey, Egypt, Africa, Europe Ahmad ibn Fadlan Abbasid Caliphate 10th Eastern Europe, Middle East, Russia João Álvares Fagundes Portuguese 16th Newfoundland and Nova Scotia Edmund Fanning American 18th/19th Oceania Percy Harrison Fawcett English 20th Amazon Rainforest Álvaro Fernandes Portuguese 15th West African coast Baltasar Fernandes Portuguese 17th Brazil Duarte Fernandes Portuguese 16th Thailand Juan Fernández Spanish 16th Juan Fernández Islands, Pacific Ocean Salvador Fidalgo Spanish 18th Pacific Northwest Peter Fidler English 18th Western Canada Sir Ranulph Fiennes English 20th/21st Arctic, Antarctica Matthew Flinders English 18th/19th Australia, Tasmania Alexander Forbes Scottish 19th California Peter Forsskål Finnish 18th Arabian Peninsula John Franklin English 19th Northwest Passage Simon Fraser Scottish 18th/19th British Columbia Lançarote de Freitas Portuguese 15th Northwest African coast John C. Frémont American 19th Oregon Trail, Sierra Nevada Marc-Joseph Marion du Fresne French 18th Oceania Louis de Freycinet French 19th Western Australia, Oceania Martin Frobisher English 16th Northwest Passage, Canada Xu Fu Chinese 3rd BC Japan Juan de Fuca Greek-Spanish 16th Strait of Juan de Fuca, Canada–United States border Vivian Fuchs English 20th Antarctica Alfons Gabriel Austrian 20th Iran Yuri Gagarin Soviet 20th Earth orbit Martín Galeano Italian (Genoese)-Spanish 16th Colombia Dionisio Alcalá Galiano Spanish 18th Pacific Northwest Juan Galindo Spanish/Irish 19th Mesoamerica (Mayan remains) Estevão da Gama Portuguese 16th Trindade and Martim Vaz islands, Indian Ocean João da Gama Portuguese 16th Hokkaido, Kuril islands, North Pacific, North America Paulo da Gama Portuguese 15th sea route from Europe to India Vasco da Gama Portuguese 15th/16th sea route from Europe to India Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa Spanish 16th Solomon Islands Thomas Gann Irish 19th/20th Mesoamerica (Mayan remains) Francisco Garcés Spanish 18th Southwestern United States, northwestern Mexico Aleixo Garcia Portuguese 16th Brazil, Paraguay and Bolivia Francisco García Jofre de Loaísa Spanish 16th Pacific Ocean Francis Garnier French 19th Mekong River Adrien de Gerlache Belgian 19th/20th Antarctica, Arctic Romolo Gessi Italian 19th the Nile, Sudan Humphrey Gilbert English 16th North America Ernest Giles Australian 19th Central Australia Diogo Gomes Portuguese 15th West African coast André Gonçalves Portuguese 15th/16th Brazil Antão Gonçalves Portuguese 15th West African coast Lopes Gonçalves Portuguese 15th Atlantic Ocean Binot Paulmier de Gonneville French 15th/16th Brazil (Santa Catarina) Sascha Grabow German 20th/21st DRC Congo James Augustus Grant Scottish 19th East Africa João Grego Portuguese 15th African coast Juan de Grijalva Spanish 16th Mexico, Nicaragua Grigory Grum-Grshimailo Russian 19th/20th Central Asia, Tuva, Far East Gonzalo Guerrero Spanish 16th Yucatán Peninsula Mikhail Gvozdev Russian 18th First Kamchatka Expedition, Great Northern Expedition Charles Gwynn Irish 19th/20th Sudan Niels Peter Høeg Hagen Danish 20th Greenland Hanno the Navigator Carthaginian 6th BC West African coast Hannu Egyptian 21st/20th BC East Africa Gonzalo López de Haro Spanish 18th Pacific Northwest Alfred Harrison English 20th Arctic Dirk Hartog Dutch 17th Western Australian coast Ahmed Pasha Hassanein^[6] Egyptian 20th Oweinat and the Sahara Ferdinand Vandeveer Hayden American 19th Rocky Mountains and the Western United States Zheng He Chinese 15th South Asia, Southeast Asia, Middle East, East African coast Samuel Hearne English 18th North Canada, Arctic Bruno de Heceta Spanish 18th Pacific Northwest Sven Hedin Swedish 19th/20th Central Asia Matthew Alexander Henson American 20th Arctic Louis Hennepin Belgian-French 17th North American interior Pedro de Heredia Spanish 16th Northern Colombia Bjarni Herjulfsson Norse Viking 10th North America William Lewis Herndon American 19th Amazon basin Herodotus Greek 5th BC Near East, Middle East, North Africa Thor Heyerdahl Norwegian 20th anthropological ocean voyages Sir Edmund Hillary New Zealander 20th Mount Everest, Antarctica Himilco the Navigator Carthaginian 6th BC Northwestern coast of Europe Hippalus Greek 1st BC Indian Ocean Clement Hodgkinson English 19th New South Wales (Australia) Pelham Aldrich English 19th/20th Arctic Emil Holub Czech 19th Africa Robert Hottot French 20th Congo River Cornelis de Houtman Dutch 16th sea route from Europe to Indonesia Frederick de Houtman Dutch 16th/17th Western Australian coast William Hovell English 19th Southern New South Wales Du Huan Chinese 8th Central Asia, Middle East, East African coast Henry Hudson English 17th Northwest Passage, Hudson River and Hudson Bay Alexander von Humboldt German 19th Latin America, Siberia Hamilton Hume Australian 19th Australian interior James S. Hutchinson American 20th Sierra Nevada Hyecho Korean 8th India, Persia and Central Asia João Infante Portuguese 15th African coast Helge Ingstad Norwegian 20th Newfoundland, Greenland, Alaska James Irwin American 20th The Moon Kurbat Ivanov Siberian Cossack 17th Siberia, Russian Far East, discoverer of Lake Baikal Roberto Ivens Portuguese 19th African continent Cristóvão Jacques Portuguese 16th Paraná River, Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina James of Ireland Irish 14th Sumatra, China Willem Janszoon Dutch 17th Australia (Queensland) Anthony Jenkinson English 16th Russia, Persia Louis Jolliet French Canadian 17th Mississippi River Jørgen Jørgensen Danish 18th/19th Tasmania Friar Julian Hungarian 13th Volga Bulgaria Conrad Carel Käyser Dutch 20th Suriname Thorfinn Karlsefni Icelandic 11th Vinland Johann Karl Ehrenfried Kegel German 19th Kamchatka George Kennan American 19th/20th Russia^[7] Edmund Kennedy British-Australian 19th Australian interior Robert Kennicott American 19th Alaska, Siberia, Yukon and Northern Canada Yerofey Khabarov Russian 17th Second Russian to explore the Amur region Khashkhash Ibn Saeed Ibn Aswad Andalusian 9th Atlantic Ocean Mary Kingsley English 19th Cameroon, Gabon, Congo, and other South West African regions Eusebio Kino Italian 17th/18th Californias, Sonora and Arizona Maria Klenova Russian 20th One of the founders of marine geology Amyr Klink Brazilian 20th Antarctica John Knight English 17th Greenland, Labrador Johan Peter Koch Danish 20th Greenland Alexander Kolchak Russian 20th Russian Arctic Ferdinand Konščak Croatian 17th Baja California Peninsula Fyodor Konyukhov Russian 20th/21st circumnavigation, Explorers Grand Slam, pole of inaccessibility Otto von Kotzebue Baltic German 19th Pacific Ocean Pyotr Kozlov Russian 20th Mongolia, Tibet Johann Ludwig Krapf German 19th Ethiopia, Kenya Pyotr Krenitsyn Russian 18th Alaska, Aleutian Islands, Kamchatka Peninsula Adam Johann von Krusenstern Baltic German 19th First Russian circumnavigation Francisco de Lacerda Portuguese 18th Zambia Juan Ladrillero Spanish 16th Chile Ernest Doudard de Lagrée French 19th Indochina, Mekong and Yunnan Alexander Gordon Laing Scottish 19th West Africa (Niger River and Timbuktu) Pierre Martin de La Martinière French 17th Norway, Lapland, northern Russia, Novaya Zemlya, Greenland and Iceland Richard Lemon Lander Cornish 19th West Africa (Niger and Benue Rivers) Grigori Ivanovitch Langsdorff Russian–German 19th Brazil Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse French 18th Pacific Rim Khariton Laptev Russian 18th Great Northern Expedition Anthony de la Roché English 17th Antarctica Gadifer de la Salle French 15th Canary Islands João Fernandes Lavrador Portuguese 15th/16th Labrador Joseph N. LeConte American 20th Sierra Nevada Albert von Le Coq German 19th/20th Central Asia John Ledyard American 18th Australasia, Oceania, Russia Miguel López de Legazpi Spanish 16th Philippines Ludwig Leichhardt German 19th Australian interior Jacob Le Maire Dutch 17th South Pacific (Cape Horn, Tonga Islands, Wallis and Futuna) Gaspar de Lemos Portuguese 15th Brazil Dragutin Lerman Croatian 19th/20th Congo Mikhail Levashev Russian 18th Alaska, Aleutian Islands, Kamchatka Peninsula Meriwether Lewis American 18th/19th Western United States Sir Martin Lindsay, 1st Baronet Scottish 20th East Greenland João de Lisboa Portuguese 15th/16th Indian Ocean, Brazil, Uruguay and Argentina St. George Littledale English 19th Central Asia and North America David Livingstone Scottish 19th Southern and East Africa Louis-Philippe Loncke Belgian 21st Australia, the Andes and Iceland Jim Lovell American 20th Outer Space Alexander Mackenzie Scottish Canadian 18th/19th Canada Ferdinand Magellan Portuguese 15th/16th 1st circumnavigation, Philippines, Strait of Malacca, Indian Ocean Jacques Mahu French-Dutch 16th Cape Verde islands Alessandro Malaspina Italian-Spanish 18th Pacific Ocean Teoberto Maler German-Italian 19th Mesoamerica (Mayan remains) George Mallory English 20th Mount Everest Lancelotto Malocello Italian 13th/14th Lanzarote (Canary Islands) Albert Hastings Markham British 19th Arctic Lourenço Marques Portuguese 16th Mozambique Jacques Marquette French 17th Mississippi River Álvaro Martins Portuguese 15th Newfoundland, Cape of Good Hope Pedro Mascarenhas Portuguese 16th Indian Ocean, Diego Garcia John Minor Maury American 19th Darién Gap Douglas Mawson Australian 20th Antarctica Robert McClure Irish 19th Arctic Robert McCormick British 19th Arctic and Antarctic Oceans Álvaro de Mendaña Spanish 16th Pacific Ocean António Lopes Mendes Portuguese 19th Brazil, India Cristóvão de Mendonça Portuguese 16th East Asia, Australasia Pedro de Mendoza Spanish 16th South America Jorge de Menezes Portuguese 16th Papua New Guinea Archibald Menzies Scottish 18th/19th Pacific Ocean, circumnavigation Alexander von Middendorff Russian-Baltic German 19th Siberia, Far East, Lapland, Fergana Valley Ejnar Mikkelsen Danish 20th Greenland Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay Russian 19th New Guinea Thomas Mitchell Scottish 19th Australian interior Richard Mohun American 19th/20th Congo Free State Pierre Dugua, Sieur de Mons French 16th/17th North America George Fletcher Moore Irish 19th Australia John Moresby English 19th New Guinea coast Ivan Moskvitin Russian 17th First European to reach the Sea of Okhotsk António Mota Portuguese 16th Japan Henri Mouhot French 19th South East Asia Francisco Antonio Mourelle Spanish 18th Pacific Northwest and Pacific Ocean Bimal Mukherjee Indian 20th circumnavigation Ludvig Mylius-Erichsen Danish 20th Greenland Gustav Nachtigal German 19th Africa^[8] Naddoddur Norse Viking 9th Iceland Nain Singh Rawat (Pundit Brothers) Indian 19th Tibet, Himalayas and Central Asia Fridtjof Nansen Norwegian 19th/20th Arctic José María Narváez Spanish 18th Pacific Northwest Nearchus Greek 4th BC Arabian Sea, Persian Gulf Nehsi Egyptian 15th BC Land of Punt Arthur Henry Neumann English 19th Africa Gennady Nevelskoy Russian 19th Sakhalin Jean Nicolet French 17th Northwest Territory (United States) Joseph Nicollet French-American 19th Mississippi and Missouri Rivers Afanasiy Nikitin Russian 15th India António Noli Portuguese 15th Cape Verde islands Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld Finnish 19th Arctic Tenzing Norgay Nepalese 20th Mount Everest Fernão de Noronha Portuguese 15th/16th Atlantic Ocean João da Nova Galician-Portuguese 16th Atlantic and Indian Oceans Paulo Dias de Novais Portuguese 16th Angola Kazimierz Nowak Polish 20th Africa Vanessa O’Brien American and British 20th/21st Mountaineering and Challenger Deep in Marianas Trench Sebastián de Ocampo Spanish 16th Caribbean, Gulf of Mexico Addison O’Dea American 21st The Sahara Odoric of Pordenone Italian 14th Persia, India and China Peter Skene Ogden Canadian 19th Snake River country, Western United States Alonso de Ojeda Spanish 15th/16th South America (north), Caribbean Juan de Oñate Spanish 16th American Southwest Francisco de Orellana Spanish 16th South America, Amazon River Simone Orlandini Italian 21st Arctic, Tibet Íñigo Órtiz de Retes Spanish 16th Papua New Guinea John Oxenham English 16th Panama, Pacific Ocean John Oxley English 19th Australia^[9] Pedro Páez Spanish 16th/17th Ethiopia Juan Pardo Spanish 16th Southeastern United States Mungo Park Scottish 18th/19th West Africa (Niger River) William Parry English 19th Arctic James Ohio Pattie American 19th Western United States Fiann Paul Icelandic 21st Arctic, Antarctic, Oceans Nathaniel Pearce English 19th Ethiopia Robert Peary American 19th/20th Arctic Paul Pelliot French 19th/20th central Asia Diogo Fernandes Pereira Portuguese 15th/16th Madagascar, Mascarenes (Réunion, Mauritius, and Rodrigues) Duarte Pacheco Pereira Portuguese 15th Atlantic Ocean, Brazil Bartolomeu Perestrelo Portuguese 15th Madeira Islands Juan Pérez Spanish 18th Pacific Northwest Maksim Perfilyev Siberian Cossack 17th Eastern Siberia, first Russian to reach Transbaikalia Ivan Petlin Siberian Cossack 17th First Russian to reach China Auguste Piccard Swiss 20th Earth’s atmosphere, the deep sea Jacques Piccard Swiss 20th the deep sea Antonio Pigafetta Italian (Venetian) 16th Survived the 1st circumnavigation of the world Zebulon Pike American 19th Louisiana Purchase (United States) Alonso Alvarez de Pineda Spanish 16th Gulf Coast Fernão Mendes Pinto Portuguese 16th India, Far East, Japan Serpa Pinto Portuguese 19th Southern Africa Martin Alonzo Pinzón Spanish 15th Caribbean Vicente Yáñez Pinzón Spanish 15th/16th Caribbean, Brazil Luís Pires Portuguese 15th abortive voyage to Brazil Francisco Pizarro Spanish 16th Hispaniola, Panama, Peru Fernão do Pó Portuguese 15th West African coast Marco Polo Italian (Venetian) 13th/14th China, Mongol Empire, India Juan Ponce de León Spanish 15th/16th Florida Peter Pond American 18th/19th Canada interior Fedot Popov Russian 17th The first European expedition through the Bering Strait António da Silva Porto Portuguese 19th Angola interior Gaspar de Portolà Spanish 18th Alta and Baja California Posidonius Greek 1st BC Gaul Sydney Possuelo Brazilian 20th/21st Amazon Panayotis Potagos Greek 19th Africa Grigory Potanin Russian 19th Inner Asia John Wesley Powell American 19th Western United States Vassili Poyarkov Russian 17th First Russian explorer of the Amur region Mandil Pradhan Nepalese 21st Himalayas Gavriil Pribylov Russian 18th Pribilof Islands Vasili Pronchishchev Russian 18th Great Northern Expedition Maria Pronchishcheva Russian 18th The first female Arctic explorer Nathaniel Hale Pryor American 19th western United States Nikolai Przhevalsky Russian 19th Central Asia Peter Puget English 19th Puget Sound Pytheas Greek 4th BC Northern Europe Zhang Qian Chinese 2nd BC Central Asia Pedro Fernandes de Queirós Portuguese 16th/17th Oceania Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada Spanish 16th From Santa Marta to the Bogotá savanna; quest for El Dorado Hernán Pérez de Quesada Spanish 16th Caquetá, Colombia; quest for El Dorado Manuel Quimper Spanish 18th Pacific Northwest Emil Racoviță Romanian 19th/20th Antarctica John Rae Scottish Canadian 19th Northwest Passage, Canada (Arctic) Sir Walter Raleigh English 16th/17th Virginia, Orinoco River Knud Rasmussen Danish 20th Arctic Piri Reis Turkish 15th/16th Mediterranean Sea Matteo Ricci Italian 16th China Mario Rigby Turks and Caicos Islander 21st Africa Arthur Rimbaud French 19th Horn of Africa (Abyssinia) Luigi Robecchi Italian 19th Africa Anthony de la Roché English 17th Antarctic (South Georgia) Diogo Rodrigues Portuguese 16th Mascarene Islands Nicholas Roerich Russian 20th Central Asia, Northeast Asia Jacob Roggeveen Dutch 18th South Pacific (Easter Island) Cândido Rondon Brazilian 19th/20th Brazilian interior (Amazon Basin) James Clark Ross English 19th Arctic, Antarctic Sir John Ross Scottish 19th Arctic John Ross Scottish Australian 19th Northern Territory William of Rubruck Flemish 13th Central Asia Nikolay Rudanovsky Russian 19th Sakhalin Henry Russell Irish 19th Pyrenees Ahmad ibn Rustah Persian 10th Russia, Scandinavia, Arabia João de Sá Portuguese 15th/16th India, African coast Álvaro de Saavedra Spanish 16th Papua New Guinea, Caroline Islands, Marshall Islands Edward Sabine Irish 19th Arctic Sacagawea Lemhi Shoshone 18th/19th Western United States Anatoly Sagalevich Russian 20th/21st Explorer of the World Ocean, seabed at the North Pole Kira Salak American 20th/21st Papua New Guinea, Mali, Bhutan Alonso de Salazar Spanish 16th Marshall Islands, Pacific Ocean Agustín Lizárraga Peruvian 21st Machu Picchu Gadiel Sánchez Rivera Peruvian 21st Amazon, Lake Titicaca Sándor Kőrösi Csoma Hungarian 19th Tibet Yakov Sannikov Russian 19th New Siberian Islands João de Santarém Portuguese 15th São Tomé and Príncipe islands Gavril Sarychev Russian 18th/19th Sea of Okhotsk, Baltic Sea, Aleutian Islands Martin Sauer English 18th Siberia, Alaska Rabban Bar Sauma Turco-Mongol 13th Europe, Middle East Johann Schiltberger German 15th Central Asia Adolf Schlagintweit German 19th Central Asia Eduard Schlagintweit German 19th Central Asia Emil Schlagintweit German 19th Central Asia Hermann Schlagintweit German 19th Central Asia Robert Schlagintweit German 19th Central Asia Ulrich Schmidl German 16th Río de la Plata Willem Schouten Dutch 17th South Pacific (Cape Horn, Tonga Islands, Wallis and Futuna) Georg August Schweinfurth Baltic German 19th East and Central Africa Robert Falcon Scott English 19th/20th Antarctica (South Pole) Scylax of Caryanda Greek 6th BC Indus River, Indian Ocean, Red Sea Tibor Sekelj Croat 20th Argentina Mirko and Stjepan Seljan Croat 20th Ethiopia, South America Frederick Courtney Selous English 19th Africa Symon Semeonis Hiberno-Norman 14th Jerusalem, Albania Gomes de Sequeira Portuguese 16th Caroline Islands, Pacific Ocean João Serrão Portuguese 15th/16th 1st Circumnavigation (also later its co-captain general); commanded the ship Santiago in the Atlantic and the Concepcion across the Pacific, Strait of Malacca, Indian Ocean Francisco Serrão Portuguese 15th/16th Indonesia Ernest Shackleton English-Irish 20th Antarctica Robert Barkley Shaw English 19th Central Asia Eric Shipton English 20th Mount Everest, southern Patagonia Tanaka Shōsuke Japanese 17th Mexico Diogo Silves Portuguese 15th Azores James Simpson English 20th North Greenland Pêro de Sintra Portuguese 15th West African coast, Sierra Leone Pierre-Jean De Smet Belgian 19th North America Jedediah Smith American 19th Western United States, Rocky Mountains John Smith English 17th North America William Smith English 19th South Shetland Islands Eugene Smurgis Russian 20th Arctic Ocean J. Dewey Soper Canadian 20th Canadian Arctic Hernando de Soto Spanish 16th Central America, Southern United States Martim Afonso de Sousa Portuguese 16th Brazilian interior John Hanning Speke English 19th East Africa Hans Staden German 16th Brazil Ed Stafford English 21st Amazon William Grant Stairs Canadian 19th Central Africa Henry Morton Stanley Welsh 19th East Africa Vilhjalmur Stefansson Icelandic Canadian 20th Canadian Arctic Marc Aurel Stein Hungarian-British 19th/20th Central Asia John Lloyd Stephens American 19th Middle East, Mesoamerica (Mayan remains) Paweł Strzelecki^[10] Polish-British 19th the Americas, Australia (Gippsland) John McDouall Stuart Scottish 19th Australian Interior Charles Sturt British 19th Australian Interior Gardar Svavarsson Swedish 9th Iceland Anders Svedlund Swedish 20th Oceans Otto Sverdrup Norwegian 19th/20th Arctic Ignacije Szentmartony Croat 18th Amazon River Abel Tasman Dutch 17th Australasia, including Tasmania António Raposo Tavares Portuguese 17th Paraguay River, part of the Andes mountain range, Grande River, Mamoré River, Madeira River, Amazon River (Brazil, Paraguay, Bolivia) Union of La Plata Basin to the Amazon River – circumnavigation of Brazil. Jean-Baptiste Tavernier French 17th Persia, India Mikhail Tebenkov Russian 19th Alaska, Aleutian Islands, Amur River Pedro Teixeira Portuguese 17th Amazon River Tristão Vaz Teixeira Portuguese 15th Madeira Islands Wilfred Thesiger English 20th Africa, Middle East David Thompson Welsh–English 18th/19th Western Canada, Pacific Northwest Guðríður Þorbjarnardóttir Icelandic 11th North America Harold William Tilman English 20th Himalayas, Patagonia Yermak Timofeyevich Russian^[11] 16th Siberia Tenjiku Tokubei Japanese 17th South East Asia, India Eduard Toll Baltic German 19th Arctic Luis Váez de Torres Spanish Galician 16th/17th Australasia Nuno Tristão Portuguese 15th West African coast, Guinea-Bissau Petrus Johannes Truter Dutch 19th Bechuanaland Hasekura Tsunenaga Japanese 17th Mexico, Europe Benjamin of Tudela Jewish Navarrese 12th Mediterranean Sea, Arabian Peninsula, Red Sea, Persian Gulf Andrés de Urdaneta Spanish 16th Pacific Ocean, Manila Galleon route Jules Dumont d’Urville French 19th Antarctica Cayetano Valdés y Flores Spanish 18th Pacific Northwest George Vancouver English 18th Pacific coast of North America^[12] Ludovico di Varthema Italian 15th/16th Arabian Peninsula, Indian Ocean, Southeast Asia Gonçalo Velho Portuguese 15th Azores François de La Vérendrye French Canadian 18th Western Canada Louis-Joseph Gaultier de La Vérendrye French Canadian 18th Great Plains Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La Vérendrye French 18th Great Plains Giovanni da Verrazzano Italian 16th East Coast of the United States Amerigo Vespucci Italian 15th/16th Eastern South American coast, Caribbean Flóki Vilgerðarson Norse Viking 9th Iceland Ruy López de Villalobos Spanish 16th Pacific Ocean, Philippines Vandino and Ugolino Vivaldi Italian 13th Africa, in a failed attempt to reach India Sebastián Vizcaíno Spanish 16th Northwest Pacific, California Coast Willem de Vlamingh Dutch 17th Southwest Australian coast Maarten Gerritsz Vries Dutch 17th Northwest Pacific (Hokkaido, Sakhalin) Lionel Wafer Welsh 17th Malay Archipelago, Isthmus of Panama Jean-Frédéric Waldeck French 19th Mesoamerica (Mayan remains) Thomas Walker American 18th Eastern United States^[13] Samuel Wallis British 18th First recorded visit to Tahiti Gino Watkins English 20th East Greenland & Labrador Langdon Warner American 20th the Silk Road Alfred Wegener German 20th Greenland John White English 15th Roanoke Island Jim Whittaker American 20th Mount Everest, Antarctica Frederick Whymper English 19th Alaska, Kamchatka, Yukon Charles Wilkes American 19th Pacific Ocean Edward Adrian Wilson English 19th/20th Antarctica Ernest Henry Wilson English 19th/20th East Asia, East Africa, Central and South America, Australia, New Zealand James Wilson British 18th Pacific Islands Thomas Braidwood Wilson Scottish Australian 19th Australia Harry de Windt French 19th/20th Eurasia Fanny Bullock Workman American 19th/20th Himalaya Ferdinand von Wrangel Baltic German 19th Northern Russia Xuanzang Chinese 7th Indian subcontinent, Central Asia John Young Scottish-English 18th Hawaii Sir Francis Younghusband British 19th/20th Central Asia Topa Inca Yupanqui Inca 15th Pacific João Gonçalves Zarco Portuguese 15th Madeira Islands Gonzalo García Zorro Spanish 16th Colombia

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Шар или «груша». Люди с какой формой сердца живут меньше

Шар или «груша». Люди с какой формой сердца живут меньше — РИА Новости, 05.04.2023

Шар или «груша». Люди с какой формой сердца живут меньше

По степени вытянутости или сферичности сердца можно определить риск мерцательной аритмии и сердечной недостаточности, установили исследователи. Похоже, скоро по РИА Новости, 05.04.2023

2023-04-05T08:00

2023-04-05T08:00

2023-04-05T11:08

наука

биология

здоровье

сердце

генетика

медицина

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МОСКВА, 5 апр — РИА Новости, Владислав Стрекопытов. По степени вытянутости или сферичности сердца можно определить риск мерцательной аритмии и сердечной недостаточности, установили исследователи. Похоже, скоро по снимку смогут предсказывать болезнь, чтобы начинать профилактику задолго до первых симптомов.»Не остается постоянной»Человеческий организм — это сложная скоординированная система, где сердце — главная движущая сила. Оно неустанно перекачивает кровь, доставляя кислород и питательные вещества к тканям и органам.Сердечки, которые изображают на открытках, не имеют ничего общего с реальностью. Сердечная мышца больше похожа на лежащую на боку грушу. И пропорции со временем меняются.»Это происходит под воздействием разных факторов, включая возраст, образ жизни, состояние здоровья, — говорит Айдар Шарафеев, доктор медицинских наук, профессор, руководитель сердечно-сосудистого центра Hadassah Medical Moscow. — К старости сердце может сильно увеличиться. Влияют и хронические заболевания, такие как гипертония или диабет».У новорожденных сердце близко к шару, но уже к 12 годам — овал. У гипертоников, людей, склонных к полноте, и мужчин этот орган со временем приобретает коническую форму, у женщин, особенно астенического телосложения, часто так и остается овальным.Размеры сердца здорового человека коррелируют с его весом и ростом, зависят от обмена веществ, а положение — горизонтальное, вертикальное или наклонное — определяется формой грудной клетки, возрастом и артериальным давлением.Длина этого органа — десять-пятнадцать сантиметров, ширина в основании — восемь-десять сантиметров. Масса у мужчин — от 274 до 385 граммов, у женщин — от 203 до 302. Кардиомегалия — увеличение размеров сверх этих пределов — может свидетельствовать о разных заболеваниях: от банальной гипертонии до порока сердца.Диагноз по тениВ кардиологии принята морфологическая классификация по тени, которую оставляет сердечная мышца на рентгенографических снимках. Тут пять вариантов: обычная (классическая «груша»), митральная (с выступом в районе митрального клапана), аортальная (с «талией»), шаровидная и треугольная (иногда ее еще называют трапециевидной).С каждой связан целый список нормальных и патологических состояний. Поэтому однозначно диагностировать заболевание по снимку нельзя. Если возникают подозрения, назначают специальные исследования.Прежде всего проверяют функции основных отделов сердца. Современные инструментальные методы — электрокардиография (ЭКГ), компьютерная томография (КТ), ультразвуковые исследования (эхоКГ, УЗИ), магнитно-резонансная томография (МРТ) и другие — позволяют это сделать в деталях. И если есть какие-то аномалии, то клиницисты их, как правило, выявляют.Ученые же ищут способы раннего прогнозирования сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, занимающих первое место в мире среди причин смерти.»Форма сердца указывает на отклонения или состояния, которые влияют на структуру и функцию органа, аномалии. Это может служить ранним предиктором сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний», — подтверждает Шарафеев.Форма имеет значениеВнутри сердца есть четыре камеры: два предсердия и два желудочка. Левое предсердие и левый желудочек образуют «артериальное сердце» (по типу проходящей через него крови), правый желудочек и правое предсердие — «венозное».Обычно при ранней диагностике кардиомиопатии — нарушения функций миокарда, связанного с прогрессирующей сердечной недостаточностью, — обращают внимание на размеры камер и эффективность сокращения сердечной мышцы. Американские исследователи под руководством доктора медицинских наук, кардиолога Дэвида Оуяна из Института сердца Шмидта Медицинского центра Сидарс-Синай в Лос-Анджелесе предложили еще один критерий: степень сферичности (или округлости) сердца.»Мы обнаружили, что у людей со сферическим сердцем на 31 процент выше вероятность мерцательной аритмии и на 24 процента — кардиомиопатии», — приводятся в пресс-релизе центра слова Оуяна.Ученые воспользовались данными британского биобанка UK Biobank с генетической и клинической информацией о более чем 500 тысячах человек, за которым наблюдали несколько десятилетий. Отобрав 38 897 изображений МРТ сердца людей, которых на момент обследования считали здоровыми, кардиологи обработали их с помощью искусственного интеллекта, а затем сопоставили с более поздними медицинскими записями.Предположили, что округлость — соотношение размеров по короткой и длинной осям — усиливается задолго до болезни.»Это возможный маркер проблемы, — объясняет Шоа Кларк, еще один автор работы, профилактический кардиолог из Медицинской школы Стэнфордского университета. — Благодаря методам глубокого обучения при анализе медицинских изображений в крупном масштабе мы получили новые способы оценки».При этом выделили округлость левого желудочка — главного элемента сердца, самой мощной мышечной камеры. Ее стенки в три-четыре раза толще, чем у соседа справа, так как в ней начинается большой круг кровообращения и кровь прокачивается под более высоким давлением.Болезнь или геныИзучив генетические профили пациентов, ученые обнаружили четыре гена — PLN, ANGPT1, PDZRN3 и HLA DR/DQ, связанные как с кардиомиопатией, так и со сферичностью сердца. Три из них также коррелируют с повышенным риском мерцательной аритмии.Однако непонятно, что первично, а что вторично. Возможно, причина — в генетической предрасположенности. В то же время известно, что сердце становится более округлым после травм, стрессов, сердечных приступов.»Не исключено, что изменение формы и есть первый признак недуга, — отмечает Кристин Альберт, доктор медицинских наук, заведующая кафедрой кардиологии в Институте сердца Шмидта и соавтор исследования. — Понимание того, что происходит с сердцем, когда оно сталкивается с болезнью, в сочетании с надежными и интуитивно понятными изображениями — важный шаг в предотвращении двух распространенных сердечно-сосудистых заболеваний, ухудшающих качество жизни».Работу планируют продолжить: надо узнать, как меняется морфология других отделов сердца при различных диагнозах. Ученые хотят задействовать также изображения, получаемые при УЗИ.

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2023

Новости

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биология, здоровье, сердце, генетика, медицина